The Combined Effects of Salinity and Drought on Young Almond Trees and Physiological Parameters

In drought years, almond growers have to restrict fresh water application, either stressing the trees with inadequate water or adding saline water and reducing water stress but causing salt stress. Tree response to combined water and salt stress are critical consideration on management decisions but there is no appropriate information currently. That’s why, it was investigated the water and salt stress and combined water-salt stress on two almond varieties in a two year (2015 and 2016) outdoor experiment with young trees. Trees were 1 year old at the beginning of the experiment. The experiment was conducted USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California, USA. Drought treatments consisted of 100%, 80% and 60% of tree evapotranspiration (ET) and salt treatments of Electrical Conductivity (EC= 0.55, 1.20, 2.40 and 3.0 dS m-1), for a total of 120 trees in twelve treatments with two varieties and five replicates. We examined water use, trunk diameter and physiological parameters (leaf net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential). Photosynthetic rate values (Pn) ranged between 3.53 and 11.08 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 for Nonpareil and 4.58 and 9.48 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 for Aldridge. Stomatal conductance values ranged between 0.076 and 0.283 mol H2O m-2 s-1 for Nonpareil and 0.097 and 0.302 for Aldridge. All parameters showed significant decline starting at 80% water application and EC 1.2 dS m-1. In terms of growth rather than survival, almond was sensitive to water as well as salt stress. We evaluated combined stress using three stress response models: additive stress, dominant stress model and a multiplicative stress model where the predicted growth loss is obtained by multiplying the relative growth response for the individual stresses. Equation (2) for reduction in trunk growth were developed for treatments with either salinity only or water only stress. Both varieties grafted to Nemaguard rootstock were very sensitive to salinity with growth loss starting at EC 1.2 dS m-1. The results indicate that the Nonpareil is more sensitive to drought and salt stress than Aldridge. Aldridge almond variety can be recommended for areas where water supplies are scarce and salinized

The effects of some mulch applications and irrigation intervals on weed control in grafted vine production

Abstract In this study, the effects of some mulch applications and different irrigation intervals on weed control were investigated in the production of Alphonse Lavallée grafted on Kober 5BB, 140 Ruggeri, 41B rootstocks during 2007 and 2008. Black plastic, grass clippings, rose oil processing wastes for mulching and three different irrigation intervals (4 days, 7 days, 10 days) were used in the study. The effects of mulch applications on weed control were significant in both two years (p<0.01). Among mulch applications black plastic mulch were more effective than grass clippings and rose oil processing wastes in weed control. Irrigation intervals had no significant effects on weed control. As a result, it was determined that mulch applications were efficient in weed control in grafted vine production

Effects of transition from flood ırrigation to drip ırrigation method on storage of starkimson delicious apple variety

Çalışmada, çöğür anaç üzerine aşılı 20 yaşındaki Starkrimson Delicious elma çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Damla sulama uygulamalarında iki farklı sulama aralığı (I1=4 gün ve I2=7 gün) ve 4 farklı pan katsayısı (A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından olan buharlaşma miktarı Kp1=0.50, Kp2=0.75, Kp3=1.0, Kp4=1.25) ve salma sulama uygulaması olmak üzere toplam 9 uygulama yapılmıştır. Optimum zamanda derilen meyveler 0ºC sıcaklık ve %90±5 oransal nem koşullarında 6 ay süreyle depolanmıştır. Depolama periyodu süresince aylık aralıklarla alınan meyve örneklerinde ağırlık kaybı, meyve kabuk rengi, meyve eti sertliği, suda çözünür toplam kuru madde (SÇKM), titre edilebilir asit (TEA) miktarı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda muhafaza süresince ortalama en az ağırlık kaybı I1Kp2 uygulamasından (%3.40) elde edilirken, en fazla ağırlık kayıpları ise I1Kp1 (%4.22), I1Kp4 (%3.97) ve salma sulama (%3.96) uygulamalarında meydana gelmiştir. I1Kp1 ve I2Kp1 uygulamaları en yüksek meyve eti sertliği değerlerinin (14.46-14.39 lb) gözlendiği uygulamalar olmuştur. Muhafaza periyodu süresince TEA kaybının önlenmesinde I1Kp1 (0.37 g/100 ml) ve I1Kp2 (0.35 g/100 ml) uygulamaları, diğer uygulamalara göre daha etkili bulunmuştur.Research material was 20 years old, drafted on seedling rootstock, apple trees of Starkimson Delicious cultivar in this study. Total number of 9 treatments consisted of; drip irrigation treatments within two different irrigation intervals (I1=4 days, I2=7 days) and four different pan coefficients (the amount of evaporated water from class A pan Kp1=0.50, Kp2=0.75, Kp3=1.0, Kp4=1.25) and traditional flood irrigation method were used. Fruits which were harvested on optimum harvest time, stored at 0ºC temperature and 90±5% relative humidity for six months. During the storage period, monthly taken fruit samples were analyzed for fruit quality parameters, which are: weight loss, fruit peel colour, firmness, total soluble solid and titratable acidity. The lowest weight loss (3.40%) was obtained from I1Kp2 treatment while the highest values were found in I1Kp1 (4.22%), I1Kp4 (3.97%) and flood irrigation (3.96%) treatments. I1Kp1 and I2Kp1 treatments displayed the highest flesh firmness values ((14.46- 14.39 lb) . I1Kp1 (0.37 g/100 ml) and I1Kp2 (0.35 g/100 ml) treatments were found more effective in preventing the loss of titratable acidity than other treatments during the storage period

Kirazın Mineral Beslenmesi Üzerine Farklı Anaçlar ve Kuraklık Stresinin Etkisi

Bitki yetiştiriciliğinde, kuraklık stresi, genotipik farklılık ve besin elementleri arasındaki ilişkiler önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 50 litrelik saksılarda yetiştirilen kirazın mineral beslenmesi (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu) üzerine farklı anaçlar ve kuraklık stresinin etkilerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, beş farklı (P. mahaleb, Mazzard, Gisela-6, MaxMa 14, CAB 6) anaç üzerine aşılı 0900 Ziraat kiraz çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Denemede kontrol (her sulamada eksik nem tarla kapasitesine getirilene kadar sulama) ve 3 farklı su seviyesi (tarla kapasitesinin % 25, % 50 ve % 75’i) olmak üzere dört farklı sulama uygulaması yer almıştır. Denemede evapotraspiraasyonla eksilen su dört günde bir tamamlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bitkilerin mineral beslenmeleri farklı anaç ve kuraklık stresinden etkilenmiştir. Genellikle kuraklık stresi koşullarında “Mazzard ve Gisela 6” anaçları “MaxMa 14” anacına göre daha fazla besin elementi konsantrasyonuna sahip olmuştur. Sonuçlar, kuraklık stresinin N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn ve Cu konsantrasyonlarını düşürdüğünü göstermiştir. Kuraklık stresinde, CAB 6 anacının beslenme performansına etkisi diğer anaçlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuş ve kısıtlı sulamadan etkilenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, kuraklık stresi ve farklı anaçların kiraz yaprakları besin elementi konsantrasyonları üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştu

Using SPEI for Evaluating of Global Warming Effects on Drought

Severity of the drought will significantly increase with increasing temperature. The earth&rsquo;s surface weather temperature was increased due to global warming and a 3-5 &deg;C temperature increase are projected in the next 100 years. The drought indices considered only precipitation are not able to reflect the effects of global warming on drought. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) have a potential to reflect the global warming effects because the SPEI considers temperature, solar radiation, humidity, wind speed and precipitation. Additionally, SPEI has an advantage of being obtained for multi time scales. For this reason SPEI indices of 4 provinces in Turkey were determined. Then a-5&deg;C possible temperature increase was supposed and SPEI indices for these provinces were again determined and the differences between SPEI indices were obtained. According to the results, it was showed that SPEI is able to reflect the differences in severity of drought because of the global warming.</p

Effects of Different Deficit Irrigation Strategies on Yield, Fruit Quality and Some Parameters: ‘Braeburn’ Apple Cultivar

This study was conducted to determine the effects of deficit irrigation applied in different periods to dwarf rootstock apple trees (cv. ‘Braeburn’)on vegetative development, yield, fruit quality and marketable yield for three years (2010-2012). There were six different treatments (none deficit irrigation, T1; continuous deficit irrigation, T2; deficit irrigation between the 40th and 70th days after full bloom, DAFB, T3; deficit irrigation between the 70th and 100th DAFB, T4; deficit irrigation between the 100th and 130th DAFB, T5; deficit irrigation between the 130th and 160th DAFB, T6). It was determined that short-term (30 days) deficit irrigation treatments during growing season resulted in decrease for vegetative development and yield. The apples that have both the highest marketable yield and the highest red colour density were obtained from T3 in deficit irrigation treatments. T3 treatments saved irrigation water according to T1 treatment in study years (12.4%, 14.4% and 15.2 respectively). For more efficient use of water resources in case of limited irrigation water, T3 treatment was found to be recommendable for apple growers because it not only saves water but also affects yield and fruit quality least

Economic analysis of different mulch applications and irrigation programs in apple production

Economic analysis of different mulch materials and irrigation programs on Fuji apple variety grafted onto M9 rootstock was made in this study. Mulch treatments consisted of four different mulch materials including black textile, wheat straw, rose oil processing wastes and no mulch. There were three different irrigation programs for each mulch treatment. Irrigation programs also consisted of three different programs including starting irrigation when available water holding capacity of 20%, 40% and 60% at the effective root zone. Total production costs had fluctuating according to treatments. While rose oil processing and the program starting irrigation when available water holding capacity of 60% at the root zone was used had the lowest total production costs, wheat straw and the program starting irrigation when available water holding capacity of 20% at the root zone was used had the highest values. But, black textile mulch and the program which starting at irrigation when available water holding capacity of 20% at the root zone was used had the lowest unit production cost with 0.39 TL kg-1 highest yield, extra and class I fruits. Furthermore, according to apple marketing prices of 2014, considering yield and fruit quality, the highest gross profit with 51 223 TL ha-1 was obtained from black textile mulch and the program starting irrigation when available water holding capacity of 20% at the root zone was used

Effects of transition from flood irrigation to drip irrigation on leaf nutrient concentrations of apple cv. Starkrimson Delicious

WOS:000451602900007In Turkey, fruit growers have started to shift from flood irrigation to drip irrigation in apple orchards in the recent years. It was thought that such a transition might have adverse effects on nutrition of the plants throughout the transition period. In this study, effects of transition from flood irrigation to drip irrigation on nutrient uptake of the plants were investigated through leaf analyses for two years. Experiment was conducted in randomized blocks design with three replications and four trees in each replication. Flood irrigation (control) and drip irrigation with two different irrigation intervals (4 and 7 days) were compared. Leaf samples were collected in the middle of the growth period and their nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) contents were determined. Present findings revealed that transition from flood irrigation to drip irrigation did not result in any nutritional problems. On the other hand, significant increases were observed in contrary, the uptake of P, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B uptake of the plants

Determining of the Effects of Salinity Stress on Vegetative Development of Sweet Cherry Grafted on Different Rootstocks

In this study, the effects of different levels of irrigation water salinity on vegetative development of 0900 Ziraat sweet cherry variety was investigated. The study was conducted at Eğirdir Fruit Research Station as pot experiment in 2013. One year old nurseries (0900 Ziraat variety) grafted on mazzard (Prunus avium L.) and mahalep (Prunus mahalep L.) rootstocks used commonly for sweet cherry growing in Turkey were used. A mixture (40 kg) of sand+loamy soil+peat+farm yard (1:2:1:0.5 ratios) was placed into 50 liter pots and one year old sweet cherry trees were planted in 50 litre pots. Four different levels of salinity water treatments (T1=0.3 dS m-1, T2=2.0 dS m-1, T3=4.0 dS m-1 and T4=6 dS m-1) were used for both variety/rootstocks combinations as research subjects. The all measurements were done for every 15 days during growing period for determining effects of salinity water treatments on trunk diameter, plant height, shoot length and shoot diameter and periodic alterations were also determined. According to the study, it was determined that vegetative development of sweet cherry trees was inhibited by salinity stress. According to results of vegetative development, it was found that nurseries grafted on mazzard rootstocks (Prunus avium L.) were more sensitive than nurseries grafted on mahalep rootstocks (Prunus mahalep L.). It can be that mahalep rootstock should be used for sweet cherry growing areas which has high irrigation water salinity

Tuz Stresinin Farklı Anaçlar Üzerine Aşılı Kirazın Vejetatif Gelişimine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi

Özet: Bu çalışmada, farklı tuz içeriğine sahip sulama sularının, 0900 Ziraat kiraz çeşidinin bazı vejetatif gelişim parametrelerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma 2013 yılında Eğirdir Meyvecilik Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü’nde saksı çalışması olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, ülkemizde kiraz yetiştiriciliğinde en çok kullanılan anaçlar olan kuş kirazı (Prunus avium L.) ve mahlep (Prunus mahalep L.) anaçları üzerine aşılı 1 yaşındaki 0900 Ziraat kiraz çeşidi fidanları kullanılmıştır. Fidanlar 1:2:1:0.5 oranlarında kum+tınlı toprak+torf+çiftlik gübresi karışımını içeren 40’ar kg harcın bulunduğu 50 litre hacimli saksılara dikilmiştir. Araştırma konusu olarak, her çeşit/anaç kombinasyonu için 4 farklı tuz içeriğine sahip sulama suyu (T1=0.3 dS m-1, T2=2.0 dS m-1, T3=4.0 dS m-1 ve T4=6.0 dS m-1) ele alınmıştır. Tuzlu su uygulamalarının fidanların gövde çapı, bitki boyu, sürgün uzunluğu ve sürgün çapına etkilerini belirlemek için tüm ölçümler yetişme dönemi boyunca 15 gün aralıklarla yapılmış ve dönemsel değişimler de belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre, tuz stresinin kiraz fidanlarının vejetatif gelişimini yavaşlattığı belirlenmiştir. Fidanların vejetatif gelişim sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, kuş kirazı anaçlı (Prunus avium L.) fidanların sulama suyu tuzluluğuna mahlep anaçlı (Prunus mahalep L.) fidanlardan daha hassas olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tuz içeriği yüksek sulama suyuna sahip kiraz yetiştiriciliği yapılan bölgelerde anaç olarak mahlep anacının kullanılması önerilebilir bulunmuştur.&nbsp;&nbsp;Anahtar Kelimeler: Tuzluluk, 0900 Ziraat, Prunus avium L., Prunus mahalep L., vejetatif gelişim&nbsp;</p