Abstract In this study, the effects of some mulch applications and different irrigation intervals on weed control were investigated in the production of Alphonse Lavallée grafted on Kober 5BB, 140 Ruggeri, 41B rootstocks during 2007 and 2008. Black plastic, grass clippings, rose oil processing wastes for mulching and three different irrigation intervals (4 days, 7 days, 10 days) were used in the study. The effects of mulch applications on weed control were significant in both two years (p&lt;0.01). Among mulch applications black plastic mulch were more effective than grass clippings and rose oil processing wastes in weed control. Irrigation intervals had no significant effects on weed control. As a result, it was determined that mulch applications were efficient in weed control in grafted vine production

Cenk Küçükyumuk

Mustafa Kelen

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Pomology, Viticulture and Enology 
 
45
th
 Croatian & 5
th
 International Symposium on Agriculture 
 
1178 
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER 
The effects of some mulch applications and irrigation intervals on weed 
control in grafted vine production 
Cenk KÜÇÜKYUMUK
1
, Mustafa KELEN
2
 
1
Egirdir Horticultural Research Institute, Minister of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Isparta, 
Turkey (cenkkucukyumuk@hotmail.com) 
2
Horticultural Sciences Department, Agricultural Faculty, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 
Turkey 
Abstract  
In this study, the effects of some mulch applications and different irrigation intervals on 
weed control were investigated in the production of Alphonse Lavallée grafted on Kober 
5BB, 140 Ruggeri, 41B rootstocks during 2007 and 2008. Black plastic, grass clippings, 
rose oil processing wastes for mulching and three different irrigation intervals (4 days, 7 
days, 10 days) were used in the study. The effects of mulch applications on weed control 
were significant in both two years (p<0.01). Among mulch applications black plastic 
mulch were more effective than grass clippings and rose oil processing wastes in weed 
control. Irrigation intervals had no significant effects on weed control. As a result, it was 
determined that mulch applications were efficient in weed control in grafted vine 
production.  
 
Key words: grafted vine, irrigation interval, mulch, weeds 
 
Introduction 
Weed control is one of major problems in nursery production. Weeds share in nutrition, 
water and light of plants. They decrease soil temperature, inhibite growing and maturing, 
drop quality of crops and host plenty of plant diseases and pest. Chemical method 
(herbicide) is widely used for weed control in world. Herbicides have the highest using rate 
in pesticide in Turkey and world. Unfortunately, rate of using herbicides have been 
increasing day by day (Delen, 2002). Herbicides have negative effects on soil fertility, cops 
quality and human nervous system. Thus new growing techniques must be developed in 
agricultural production for decreasing herbicides using. There are plenty methods 
including mulch for weed control. Mulch is a good practice for environment and 
contributes to weed control, soil water protection, steady soil temperature, increasing 
organic matter and facility of microorganism. It was informed that when mulches are used 
in nursery production, nursery quality and success rate increased (Kelen, 1994).   
In the last years using harvest residual (straw, greenhouse plants residuals, grass clippings 
etc.) and industrial wastes (rose oil processing wastes, beet molasses etc.) have been 
spreadly using in agricultural production. Thus, product wastes obtained from agricultural 
production is provided to reusing in agricultural.  Besides, negative effects on environment 
of wastes decreases (Özenç, 2004; Benito et al., 2006). Some of researchers informed that 
mulching with plants residuals (straw, grass clippings etc.) and synthetic materials (plastic, 
fabric etc.) are generally used in agriculture and it is a good technique that has positive 
effects on growth and development (Duranti and Cuocolo, 1989; Gimenez et al., 2002). 
Irrigation in agricultural production is a significant technique and application that has 
positive effects on growth, development, crops yield and quality. Because water sources 
are limited we have to be careful about irrigation. Therefore irrigation time and water 
amount are very important subjects. 
Vodarstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo 
 
45. hrvatski i 5. međunarodni simpozij agronoma 
 
1179 
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of some mulch applications and 
different irrigation intervals on weed control in the production of Alphonse Lavallée 
grafted on Kober 5BB, 140 Ruggeri, 41B rootstocks.  
 
Material and methods 
This study was carried out at Eğirdir Horticultural Research Institute in 2007 and 2008. 
Soil chemical and physical analyses were presented on Table 1.  
 
Table 1. Soil property of research area 
Depth 
(cm) 
γ 
(g/cm3) 
FC 
(%) 
WP 
(%) 
EC 
(ECx106) 
pH 
Lime 
(%) 
Saturation 
(%) 
Organic 
matter (%) 
P 
(ppm) 
K 
(ppm) 
Structure 
0-30 1.48 27 13 150 8.1 2.2 48 1.61 13.2 214 Clay loam 
30-60 1.39 29 15 147 8.2 8.6 45 2.44 6.3 127.2 Clay loam 
    γ: Unit Weight of Soil; FC: Field Capacity; WP Wilting Point; P: Phosporus; K: Potassium 
 
Kober 5 BB, 140 Ru, 41 B as rootstocks and Alphonse Lavallée as variety were used in 
this study. There were three different irrigation intervals, 4, 7 and 10 days, and four mulch 
applications, black plastic, grass clippings, rose oil processing wastes and non-mulch.  
Grafted scions were planted at 0.90m x 0.10 m spacing on May both 2007 and 2008. This 
research was planned three replication and each replications has twenty five grafted vine. 
Distance between plots was two meters and plot area was 6.75 m
2
. Grafted nurseries were 
removed on November in both 2007 and 2008 after the whole leaves of nurseries were 
shredded. 
Irrigation water was applied up to field capacity at 0-60 cm at each irrigation intervals. Soil 
water contents were measured by gravimetrically methods (oven dry basis) at 0-30 cm and 
30-60 cm depths before one day at each irrigation intervals. Mulch materials laid out each 
side for grafted nurseries and they have 80 cm width and each side has 40 cm. Drip 
irrigation system was used for irrigation in this study. Fertilizers were applied in the 
irrigation water through a drip system. 
Weeds were counted two times for both years for determining weed population by using 
Equation (1) (Güncan, 2006). After each counting weeds were pulled out and hoed.  
 
Weeds density average in certain area (m
2
); 
  
Weeds density : B / N (1) 
              
Where B is the total number of weeds in taken sample, N is the number of taken sample.  
 
Statistical analysis of the data was performed using a randomized block design with three 
replications. The analysis variance (ANOVA) also accounted for factors. The level of the 
significant difference (LSD at p<0.01) was used in the ANOVA. Data were evaluated by 
JMP (Jump) software program. Differences between treatments were determined with 
LSD. 
 
Results and discussion 
Weeds species - The names of weeds on trial plots are on Table 2. The weeds species 
which were determined in trial plots were same species both 2007 and 2008. As two of 
weeds are narrow leaves, eleven of them are wide leaves. 
 
 
Pomology, Viticulture and Enology 
 
45
th
 Croatian & 5
th
 International Symposium on Agriculture 
 
1180 
 Table 2. Weeds on trial plots 
Turkish names Latin names Narrow/wide leaves 
Tarla sarmaşığı Convolvulus arvensis L. Wide leaves 
Domuz pıtrağı Xanthium strumarium L. Wide leaves 
Sirken Chenopodium album L. Wide leaves 
Yabani havuç Daucus carota L. Wide leaves 
Yapışkan ot Galium aparina L. Wide leaves 
Semiz otu Portulace oleracea L. Wide leaves 
Köy göçüren Circium arvense L. Wide leaves 
Aslan dişi Taraxacum officinale spp. Wide leaves 
Rumeks Rumeks crispus spp. Wide leaves 
Ebegümeci Malva neglecta spp. Wide leaves 
Horoz ibiği Amaranthus camelorum spp. Wide leaves 
Ayrık Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers. Narrow leaves 
Kanyaş Sorghum halepense (L) Pers. Narrow leaves 
 
Weeds density - Weed densities which was determined in the study in 2007 were 
presented in Table 3. 
 
Table 3. The effects of different mulches and irrigation intervals on weed density (item/m
2
) in 
2007 
Mulch 
Irrigation interval 
Mean 
4 days 7 days 10 days 
Non-mulch 44.6 42.0 45.9     44.2 A** 
Rose oil processing wastes 11.8  10.7 13.2      11.9 B 
Grass clippings 9.8  10.0  9.6 9.8 C 
Black plastic 1.4   2.3  0.9 1.6 D 
Mean 16.9  16.3 17.4  
** mean separation within columns by LSD Multiple Range Test, p<0.01  
 
LSDMulch = 1.923 
 
The effects of mulch applications were significant (p<0.01). Black plastic mulch was 
determined the most effective application with 1.6 item/m
2
. Grass clippings and rose oil 
processing wastes followed black plastic mulch, 9.8 item/m
2
 and 11.9 item/m
2
, 
respectively.  Weed density was determined 44.2 item/m
2
 in non-mulch applications. The 
effects of irrigation intervals on weed density were insignificant in 2007. 
Weed densities which was determined in the study in 2008 were presented in Table 4. 
 
Table 4. The effects of different mulches and irrigation intervals on weed density (item/m
2
) in 
2008  
Mulch 
Irrigation interval 
Mean 
4 days 7 days 10 days 
Non-mulch    42.6 a** 34.2 b 30.9 b  35.9 A** 
Rose oil processing wastes 9.0 cd 8.0 d  12.1 cd      9.7 B 
Grass clippings 8.6 cd 13.9 c   9.7 cd     10.7 B 
Black plastic 1.8 e 0.0 e  0.9 e      0.9 C 
Mean 15.5 14.0  13.4  
** mean separation within columns by LSD Multiple Range Test, p<0.01  
 
LSDMulch = 3.268 LSDMulch * irrigation interval = 5.661 
 
Vodarstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo 
 
45. hrvatski i 5. međunarodni simpozij agronoma 
 
1181 
According to results of weed density in 2008, while the effects of mulches applications 
were determined significant, the effect of irrigation intervals was not significant. Among 
mulch applications, while the highest weed density was determined in non-mulch 
applications with 35.9 item/m
2
, the least weed density was determined in black plastic 
mulch with 0.9 item/m
2
. Rose oil processing wastes and grass clippings followed black 
plastic mulch with 9.7 item/m
2
 and 10.7 item/m
2
, respectively. Differences between rose 
oil processing wastes and grass clippings were determined not significant.  
There were very big differences about weed density between mulch and non-mulch 
applications in the research. It was determined that mulch applications significantly 
decreased weed density. The results of this study corresponded with results of Ossom et al. 
(2001) and Ramakrishna et al. (2006). It was determined that the most effective weed 
control was in black plastic applications among mulch applications. Hembry and Davies 
(1994) found similar results in their study.     
According to weed control, rose oil processing wastes and grass clippings mulches have 
the same effects and they follow plastic mulch. Non-mulch applications were the last. 
Ramakrishna et al. (2006) and Abouziena et al. (2008) reported that black plastic and 
organic mulches (grass clippings, straw, rice straw etc.) have very effective on weed 
control. Because rose oil processing wastes has been not used in any study up to now, we 
have not any results. According to weed density values obtained from 2007 and 2008, it 
was observed that some interactions have effects on weed control among mulch 
applications. This state may be because weed density is different in area 
 
Conclusions 
As a result, mulch applications are successful for weed control. Because mulch 
applications inhibited weed growth completely or largely, they were determined an 
alternative method for weed control. Besides irrigation water conservation, it was 
determined that mulch applications have positive effects on nursery quality and success 
rate. It was determined that black plastic mulch has more effective than rose oil processing 
wastes and grass clippings. But, when black plastic is used in heavy soils, it has negative 
effects on soil structure. Therefore, rose oil processing wastes and grass clippings can be 
chosen because they are biodegradable materials. These materials have positive effects on 
soil structure besides weed control and irrigation water conservation. 
 
Acknowledgement 
The results which was presented in the paper are an output 1554-D-2007 number and title 
of the PhD projects ―Effects of different irrigation intervals and mulch applications on 
nursery quality and success rate in grafted vines―. 
 
References 
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Delen, N., 2002. Using pesticide and problems in Turkey. TAYEK Aegean Assessment 
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Duranti, A., Cuocolo, L., 1989. Chemical weed control and mulching in onion (Allium Cepa L.) 
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Pomology, Viticulture and Enology 
 
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th
 International Symposium on Agriculture 
 
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The effects of some mulch applications and irrigation intervals on weed control in grafted vine production

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The effects of some mulch applications and irrigation intervals on weed control in grafted vine production

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