Atividade enzimática da microbiota e efeito térmico em solo tropical tratado com compostos orgânicos

Bacteria and fungi are the most active decomposers of organic materials in soil. They directly affect plant nutrient availability, and chemical and physical properties of soils. This investigation aimed at quantifying the effect of several organic materials on microbial activity of a Rhodic Eutrudox. Soil samples were incubated over a period of 91 days with the following organic materials: cattle manure (CM), earthworm humus (HM), and city sewage sludge from Barueri (BA) and Franca (FR). The activities of cellulase, protease and urease enzymes, the soil microbial carbon content (by fumigation-extraction method) and the exothermal effect were evaluated. Experimental design was randomized and arranged as factorial scheme five treatments x seven samplings with five replications. Organic materials promoted oscillations in microbial carbon (mg C g-1 soil), and enzyme activities - cellulase (µg glucose g-1 soil 24 h-1), protease (mg Tyr g-1 soil 2 h-1), urease (mg NH4+-N g-1 soil 2 h-1) - and the total thermal effect (J g-1 soil), in the following decreasing order: (1) CM - 21.47; 655.90; 49.68; 24.55; 477.90; (2) BA - 12.98; 367.70; 32.76; 10.66; 426.29; (3) FR - 11.60; 273.40; 18.77; 19.35; 368.00; (4) HM - 11.77; 261.00; 17.05; 9.02; 202.79; (5) control. Correlations were obtained between microbial carbon and cellulase and protease activities (r = 0.54; p < 0.001), and between the exothermal effect and protease activity (r = 0.34; p < 0.005). Enzyme activity was closely related to soil microorganisms, therefore, reflecting on the total thermal effect.Bactérias e fungos são os organismos mais ativos na decomposição de compostos orgânicos no solo, afetando diretamente a disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas e as propriedades químicas e físicas dos solos. Este estudo quantificou o efeito de diversos compostos orgânicos na atividade microbiana de um Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico típico. As amostras de solo foram incubadas durante 91 dias sob os tratamentos: esterco bovino (CM), húmus de minhoca (HM), e os lodos de esgoto de Barueri (BA) e Franca (FR). Foram avaliadas as atividades das enzimas celulase, protease e urease, o carbono microbiano do solo (método fumigação-extração) e o efeito exotérmico total. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial cinco tratamentos x sete amostragens com 5 repetições. Os compostos orgânicos promoveram oscilações no carbono microbiano (mg C g-1 solo), na atividade das enzimas celulase (µg glicose g-1 solo 24 h-1), protease (mg Tyr g-1 solo 2 h-1) e urease (mg NH4+-N g-1 solo 2 h-1) e no efeito térmico total (J g-1 solo), na seguinte ordem decrescente: (1) CM - 21.47; 655.90; 49.68; 24.55; 477.90; (2) BA - 12.98; 367.70; 32.76; 10.66; 426.29; (3) FR - 11.60; 273.40; 18.77; 19.35; 368.00; (4) HM - 11.77; 261.00; 17.05; 9.02; 202.79; (5) controle. Correlações foram obtidas entre o carbono microbiano e as enzimas celulase e protease (r = 0.54; p < 0.001), e entre o efeito exotérmico e a protease (r = 0.34; p < 0.005). A atividade de enzimas esteve diretamente relacionada à microbiota do solo, refletindo, dessa forma, no efeito térmico total.674680Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Microbial enzymatic activity and thermal effect in a tropical soil treated with organic materials

Bacteria and fungi are the most active decomposers of organic materials in soil. They directly affect plant nutrient availability, and chemical and physical properties of soils. This investigation aimed at quantifying the effect of several organic materials on microbial activity of a Rhodic Eutrudox. Soil samples were incubated over a period of 91 days with the following organic materials: cattle manure (CM), earthworm humus (HM), and city sewage sludge from Barueri (BA) and Franca (FR). The activities of cellulase, protease and urease enzymes, the soil microbial carbon content (by fumigation-extraction method) and the exothermal effect were evaluated. Experimental design was randomized and arranged as factorial scheme five treatments x seven samplings with five replications. Organic materials promoted oscillations in microbial carbon (mg C g-1 soil), and enzyme activities - cellulase (µg glucose g-1 soil 24 h-1), protease (mg Tyr g-1 soil 2 h-1), urease (mg NH4+-N g-1 soil 2 h-1) - and the total thermal effect (J g-1 soil), in the following decreasing order: (1) CM - 21.47; 655.90; 49.68; 24.55; 477.90; (2) BA - 12.98; 367.70; 32.76; 10.66; 426.29; (3) FR - 11.60; 273.40; 18.77; 19.35; 368.00; (4) HM - 11.77; 261.00; 17.05; 9.02; 202.79; (5) control. Correlations were obtained between microbial carbon and cellulase and protease activities (r = 0.54; p < 0.001), and between the exothermal effect and protease activity (r = 0.34; p < 0.005). Enzyme activity was closely related to soil microorganisms, therefore, reflecting on the total thermal effect.Bactérias e fungos são os organismos mais ativos na decomposição de compostos orgânicos no solo, afetando diretamente a disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas e as propriedades químicas e físicas dos solos. Este estudo quantificou o efeito de diversos compostos orgânicos na atividade microbiana de um Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico típico. As amostras de solo foram incubadas durante 91 dias sob os tratamentos: esterco bovino (CM), húmus de minhoca (HM), e os lodos de esgoto de Barueri (BA) e Franca (FR). Foram avaliadas as atividades das enzimas celulase, protease e urease, o carbono microbiano do solo (método fumigação-extração) e o efeito exotérmico total. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial cinco tratamentos x sete amostragens com 5 repetições. Os compostos orgânicos promoveram oscilações no carbono microbiano (mg C g-1 solo), na atividade das enzimas celulase (µg glicose g-1 solo 24 h-1), protease (mg Tyr g-1 solo 2 h-1) e urease (mg NH4+-N g-1 solo 2 h-1) e no efeito térmico total (J g-1 solo), na seguinte ordem decrescente: (1) CM - 21.47; 655.90; 49.68; 24.55; 477.90; (2) BA - 12.98; 367.70; 32.76; 10.66; 426.29; (3) FR - 11.60; 273.40; 18.77; 19.35; 368.00; (4) HM - 11.77; 261.00; 17.05; 9.02; 202.79; (5) controle. Correlações foram obtidas entre o carbono microbiano e as enzimas celulase e protease (r = 0.54; p < 0.001), e entre o efeito exotérmico e a protease (r = 0.34; p < 0.005). A atividade de enzimas esteve diretamente relacionada à microbiota do solo, refletindo, dessa forma, no efeito térmico total

Bacterial diversity in Amazonian soils: variability of the genera associated to the nitrification process

Os solos da floresta tropical Amazônica supostamente abrigam elevada biodiversidade microbiana, visto que suportam, através da ciclagem da serapilheira, um dos ecossistemas mais exuberantes do planeta. Entretanto, as ações antrópicas de corte e queima, especialmente para o estabelecimento de pastagens, induz mudanças profundas nos ciclos biogeoquímicos, principalmente do nitrogênio. Essas mudanças se manifestam na predominância das formas do N mineral. No solo sob floresta os teores de NO3 - são semelhantes ou maiores que os de NH4 +, enquanto na pastagem praticamente não se encontra NO3 -. Pastagens mal manejadas, via de regra são abandonadas e revertem a uma vegetação secundária, ou &#34;capoeira&#34;. As mudanças no uso da terra podem direcionar a predominância de grupos específicos de microrganismos do solo, ou ainda induzir perdas significativas da diversidade como um todo. Para avaliar a extensão do impacto sobre a comunidade microbiana, foram examinadas amostras de solo da camada superficial (0-10 cm) de uma floresta, pastagem e capoeira da região sudoeste da Amazônia. O C e o N orgânico e microbiano, o N mineral nas formas amoniacal e nítrica, as taxas de mineralização e de nitrificação, a diversidade de Bacteria por PCR-DGGE e a diversidade de bactérias oxidadoras de amônio e de nitrito por sequenciamento da região ribossomal 16S foram avaliados, durante as estações chuvosa (fevereiro) e seca (setembro) de 2004. Os resultados indicaram que a área de pastagem bem manejada continha 30 a 42% mais C orgânico do que a capoeira e 47% a mais do que a floresta ao longo do ano. O mesmo padrão foi observado para o N orgânico. O C e o N da biomassa microbiana na pastagem foram 38 e 26%, respectivamente, maiores do que nas áreas de capoeira e floresta durante a estação chuvosa. Entretanto, a falta de umidade durante a estação seca afetou mais intensivamente a biomassa microbiana da pastagem. As relações Cmic:Corg e Nmic:Norg foram reduzidas acentuadamente neste período, indicando condições impróprias para a utilização do substrato. A concentração de nitrato foi maior no solo da floresta, enquanto o amônio foi a forma de N mineral predominante na pastagem e na capoeira. As maiores taxas líquidas de mineralização e de nitrificação foram obtidas nos solos de floresta durante a estação das chuvas, enquanto nos demais sistemas os valores foram negativos ou muito baixos. A abordagem molecular por PCR-DGGE demonstrou que a estrutura das comunidades de Bacteria é distinta nos diferentes sistemas de uso da terra. As causas para as variações estão possivelmente relacionadas ao efeito conjunto da cobertura vegetal e das características químicas do solo. A diversidade de bactérias nitrificadoras, avaliada pelo sequenciamento da região ribossomal 16S, foi maior no solo sob pastagem e capoeira do que sob floresta. As seqüências de AOB encontradas apresentaram maior similaridade com as espécies Nitrosospira sp., Nitrosospira multiformis, Nitrosospira briensis, Nitrosospira tenuis, Nitrosovibrio sp., Nitrosovibrio tenuis e Nitrosolobus multiformis. A diversidade das NOB apresentou a mesma tendência de aumento da diversidade após a mudança do uso da terra para pastagens. No solo sob floresta os clones encontrados estavam relacionados a uma única espécie de Nitrobacter sp., enquanto na pastagem os clones estavam associados às sequências de Nitrobacter sp., Nitrobacter winogradsky, Nitrobacter alkalicus, Nitrobacter hamburgensis e Nitrobacter vulgaris. Por sua vez, no solo sob capoeira foram encontradas somente as espécies Nitrobacter sp. e Nitrobacter hamburgensis. A elevação do pH e das concentrações de amônio no solo pode ter contribuído para a maior diversidade de bactérias nitrificadoras nos solos sob cobertura de gramíneas, em relação à floresta nativa. Entretanto a presença dessas bactérias não resultou em aumentos do teor de NO3 - no solo, devido à sua imediata imobilização pela biomassa microbiana.Amazonian tropical forest soils are supposed to hold high microbial biodiversity, since they support by litter recycling one of the most luxuriant ecosystems. However, anthropogenic practices of slash and burn, mainly for pasture establishment, induce deep changes in the biogeochemical cycles, mainly of nitrogen. Such changes become noticeable by the predominance of distinct forms of mineral N. While in forest soils NO3 - content is higher or equal to NH4 +, in pasture soils NO3 - is hardly found. Degraded pastures are usually abandoned and turn to a secondary vegetation or &#34;capoeira&#34;. These land-use changes may direct the predominance of specific groups of soil microorganisms, or yet induce significant losses of microbial diversity. To evaluate the extent of microbial community disturbance we analyzed samples from the upper 0-10 cm soil layer from a forest, an effectively grazed pasture and a fallow site, located in the southwest Amazonian Region. Total organic and microbial C and N, mineral N, net mineralization and nitrification rates, as well as Bacteria diversity by PCR-DGGE and AOB, NOB diversity by sequencing the 16S ribossomal region were measured twice, during the rainy (February) and dry (September) seasons 2004. Results showed that this well managed pasture site contained 30 to 42% more organic C than the capoeira and 47% more than the forest site over the year. The same pattern was observed for total N. Microbial biomass C and N in pasture soil were about 38 and 26%, respectively, higher than in fallow and forest sites during the rainy season. However, the shortage of humidity during the dry season affected the pasture microbial biomass more intensively. Corg:Cmicr and Norg:Nmicr ratios were also sharply reduced in this period, indicating improper conditions for substrate utilization. Nitrate concentration was highest in forest soil, while ammonium was the predominant form of mineral N in the pasture and capoeira sites. The highest mineralization and nitrification rates were determined in the forest soils during the wet season, while the other systems showed negative or very low values. The molecular approach by PCR-DGGE revealed that the structure of microbial communities of Bacteria Domain was different among the types of land use. The main reason for these variations is possibly related to the associated effect of land cover and chemical soil characteristics. The diversity of nitrifying bacteria, evaluated by ribosomal 16S region sequencing, was greater in the pasture and capoeira than in the forest soil. AOB 16S rDNA sequences showed more similarity to Nitrosospira sp., Nitrosospira multiformis, Nitrosospira briensis, Nitrosospira tenuis, Nitrosovibrio sp., Nitrosovibrio tenuis and Nitrosolobus multiformis species. The diversity of NOB group followed the same pattern of greater diversity after land use change to pastures. Clone sequences found in forest soil were closely related only to Nitrobacter sp., while pasture soil had clone sequences similar to Nitrobacter sp., Nitrobacter winogradsky, Nitrobacter alkalicus, Nitrobacter hamburgensis and Nitrobacter vulgaris. NOB diversity in capoeira soil was lower. Only Nitrobacter sp. and Nitrobacter hamburgensis were present. Higher pH and NH4 + concentrations may have contributed to greater diversity of nitrifying bacteria in the soils under grass cover compared to the forest site. However, the presence of these bacteria did not raise the soil NO3 - contents, due to its fast immobilization by microbial biomass

Enzymatic Activity Measured By Microcalorimetry In Soil Amended With Organic Residues [atividade Enzimática Avaliada Por Microcalorimetria Em Solo Tratado Com Diferentes Resíduos Orgânicos]

Enzymatic activity is an important property for soil quality evaluation. Two sequences of experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the enzymatic activity in a soil (Rhodic Eutrudox) amended with cattle manure, earthworm casts, or sewage sludges from the municipalities of Barueri and Franca. The activity of commercial enzymes was measured by microcalorimetry in the same soil samples after sterilization. In the first experiment, the enzyme activities of cellulase, protease, and urease were determined in the soil samples during a three month period. In the second sequence of experiments, the thermal effect of the commercial enzymes cellulase, protease, and urease on sterilized soil samples under the same tretaments was monitored for a period of 46 days. The experimental design was randomized and arranged as factorial scheme in five treatments x seven samplings with five replications. The treatment effects were statistically evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. Tukey ́s test was used to compare means at p ≤ 0.05. The presence of different sources of organic residues increased the enzymatic activity in the sampling period. Cattle manure induced the highest enzymatic activity, followed by municipal sewage sludge, whereas earthworm casts induced the lowest activity, but differed from control treatment. The thermal effect on the enzyme activity of commercial cellulase, protease, and urease showed a variety of time peaks. These values probably oscillated due to soil physical-chemical factors affecting the enzyme activity on the residues.35411671175Albiach, R., Canet, R., Pomares, F., Ingelmo, F., Microbial biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil (2000) Biores. Technol., 75, pp. 43-48Barros, N., Feijóo, S., A combined mass and energy balance to provide bioindicators of soil microbiological quality (2003) Biophys. 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