El Espacio del racismo

WIEVIORKA, Michel. El Espacio del racismo. Barcelona, Ediciones Paidós (Barcelona) y Editorial Paidós (Buenos Aires), 1ª Edición, 1992, 274 páginas. Tradução do original L´espace du racisme, Paris. Éditions du Seuil, 199) . Traducción de Isídro Árias

La representación de la sociedad en el cine negro de Enrique Urbizu

Este trabajo realiza un recorrido diacrónico de la historia del cine negro y de su desarrollo en España para posteriormente centrarse en Enrique Urbizu. El objeto de estudio trata de contrastar y desarrollar el género analizando narrativa y formalmente Todo por la pasta (1991), La caja 507 (2002) y No habrá paz para los malvados (2011) con tal de mostrar el enfoque crítico y realista del cine negro de Urbizu. Palabras clave: Cine negro, Enrique Urbizu, Todo por la pasta, La caja 507, No habrá paz para los malvados, realidad social, corrupción

Pheochromocytoma during pregnancy - a rare diagnose with a complex multidisciplinary approach

Hypertension is a common problem in pregnancy that can result in significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The common causes include pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension and essential hypertension. Although pheochromocytoma is a rare of hypertension in pregnancy, it can lead to potentially life-threatening cardiovascular complications for the mother and increased fetal mortality if left undiagnosed and untreated. Early diagnosis and timely, appropriate management reduce possible maternal and fetal complications. We report a case of a 32-week pregnant woman diagnosed with hypertension secondary to pheochromocytoma. An elective caesarian section was performed at 37 weeks of gestational age and underwent a laparoscopic left adrenalectomy with success. A multidisciplinary approach is of utmost importance and essential during the management of this life-threatening condition during pregnancy

Ausência de transmissão vertical do HTLV-I em crianças não amamentadas

The most frequent pathway of vertical transmission of HTLV-I is breast-feeding, however bottle fed children may also become infected in a frequency varying from 4 to 14%. In these children the most probable routes of infection are transplacental or contamination in the birth canal. Forty-one bottle-fed children of HTLV-I seropositive mothers in ages varying from three to 39 months (average age of 11 months) were submitted to nested polymerase chain reaction analysis (pol and tax genes). 81.5% of the children were born by an elective cesarean section. No case of infection was detected. The absence of HTLV-I infection in these cases indicates that transmission by transplacental route may be very infrequent.A amamentação é o meio mais freqüente de transmissão vertical do HTLV-I. No entanto, crianças não amamentadas mostram-se infectadas em freqüências que variam de 4 a 14%. Nestes casos, os meios mais prováveis de infecção devem ser através da placenta ou por contaminação no canal de parto. Quarenta e um filhos de portadoras do HTLV-I aleitados artificialmente foram submetidos a pesquisa do vírus pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. 81,5% destas crianças nasceram através de cesária eletiva. Nenhum caso de infecção pelo HTLV-I foi detectado. Este fato indica que a infecção por via transplacentária é pouco freqüente e que é provável que o parto artificial tenha contribuído para a ausência de transmissão do vírus

Suscetibilidade in vitro de dermatófitos a azóis pelos métodos macro e microdiluição em caldo

The in vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes to the azole antifungals itraconazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole was evaluated by broth macro and microdilution methods, according to recommendations of the CLSI, with some adaptations. Twenty nail and skin clinical isolates, four of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and 16 of T. rubrum were selected for the tests. Itraconazole minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varied from < 0.03 to 0.25 µg/mL in the macrodilution and from < 0.03 to 0.5 µg/mL in the microdilution methods; for fluconazole, MICs were in the ranges of 0.5 to 64 µg/mL and 0.125 to 16 µg/mL by the macro and microdilution methods, respectively, and from < 0.03 to 0.5 µg/mL by both methods for ketoconazole. Levels of agreement between the two methods (± one dilution) were 70% for itraconazole, 45% for fluconazole and 85% for ketoconazole. It is concluded that the strains selected were inhibited by relatively low concentrations of the antifungals tested and that the two methodologies are in good agreement especially for itraconazole and ketoconazole.Foi avaliada a suscetibilidade in vitro de dermatófitos aos antifúngicos itraconazol, fluconazol e cetoconazol, pelos métodos macro e microdiluição em caldo, de acordo com as recomendações do CLSI, com algumas modificações. Foram estudados 20 isolados clínicos de lesões de unha e pele, sendo quatro Trichophyton mentagrophytes e 16 T. rubrum. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para itraconazol variou de < 0,03 a 0,25 µg/mL pelo método da macrodiluição, e de < 0,03 a 0,5 µg/mL pela microdiluição em caldo; de 0,5 a 64 µg/mL e de 0,125 a 16 µg/mL para fluconazol, respectivamente, pela macro e microdiluição; e de < 0,03 a 0,5 µg/mL por ambos os métodos para cetoconazol. A concordância entre os dois métodos (considerando ± uma diluição) foi de 70% para itraconazol, 45% para fluconazol e 85% para cetoconazol. Conclui-se que os isolados estudados foram inibidos por concentrações relativamente baixas dos antifúngicos testados, e os dois métodos apresentam boa concordância, especialmente para itraconazol e cetoconazol

Validação do estudo da permeabilidade da barreira alvéolocapilar com 133Xe

ABSTRACTA preliminary review of physical concepts related with the solubility of inert gases in tissues and with the permeability of inert gases through the alveolar-capillary membrane in the context of this paper, is firstly presented. The solubility laws of gases in liquids and tissues, the concept of partial pressure of a gas in a tissue, the solubility and partition coefficients, the equilibrium of gases in the lungs, the gas diffusion through the capillary walls, etc., are brevely dealed with in this part of the work. The importance of a physiological method to study the alveolar-capillary barrier permeability with local information is emphasized. In the present paper the physiological and practical reasons which favour gas utilization, and particularly 133Xe, instead of aerosols, to evaluate the alveolar-capillary barrier permeability are considered. A method to evaluate the disappearance times of 133 Xe activity and obtain parametric images is described. The advantages to display 133 Xe permeability images concomitantly with the ventilation and perfusion images and its interest is shown with some examples. General aspects of the use of 99mTc-DTPA aerosols and CO classical spirometry with infra red analysis to study the alveolar-capiillary barrier permeability are considered.In a group of pacients, parametric images of the alveolar-capillary barrier permeability were obtained both with 133Xe, using our technique and with the usual method of Nuclear Medicine using 99mTc-DTPA aerosols. The disapearence times obtained by the two techniques are in general terms correlated, however, a considerably higher specificity is obseved in the case of 133Xe.In a second group of patients the global mean disapearence times of 133Xe, in the region of interest of the lungs, were compared with the CO diffusion times obtained with a convencional CO test. The agreement between the tests is very good in what concerns the ability to distinguish normal from abnormal, however, the local information offered by the 133Xe technique was felt to be an information of great value in many situations.The results obtained, up to now, with 133Xe indicate that the information provided may be a further step in the study of the alveolar-capillary barrier compromises, even in the early stages

COMPARISON OF PRIMERS FOR RAPD-PCR FROM ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, CRYPTOCOCCUS ALBIDUS AND CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII COMPLEX

Various organisms have been characterized by molecular methods, including fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. The purposes of this study were: to determine the discriminatory potential of the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, the pattern of similarity of the Cryptococcus species, and discuss their useful application in epidemiological studies. We analyzed 10 isolates of each specie/group: C. albidus, C. laurentii complex, C. neoformans var. grubii, all from environmental source, and two ATCC strains, C. neoformans var. grubii ATCC 90112, and C. neoformans var. neoformans ATCC 28957 by RAPD-PCR using the primers CAV1, CAV2, ZAP19, ZAP20, OPB11 and SEQ6. The primers showed a good discriminatory power, revealing important differences between them and between species; the SEQ6 primer discriminated a larger number of isolates of three species. Isolates of C. laurentii showed greater genetic diversity than other species revealed by all six primers. Isolates of C. neoformans were more homogeneous. Only the primer CAV2 showed no amplification of DNA bands for C. albidus. It was concluded that the use of limited number of carefully selected primers allowed the discrimination of different isolates, and some primers (e. g., CAV2 for C. albidus) may not to be applied to some species.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), BrazilCNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico), Brazi

Condición socioeconómica y persistencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, en una cohorte de adolescentes habaneros

Introducción : los factores de riesgo aterogénicos están presentes desde edades tempranas. La condición socioeconómica (CSE) ha sido identificada como un aspecto importante que parece influir en la aparición de estos factores de riesgo. Objetivo: determinar la asociación de la condición socioeconómica y la persistencia de algunos factores de riesgo como el sobrepeso, la obesidad abdominal y la hipertensión arterial en una cohorte de adolescentes. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal, en una cohorte 252 adolescentes del policlínico universitario Héroes del Moncada, del municipio Plaza de la Revolución, en la Habana, que fueron evaluados en dos cortes, transversales, separados por un período de cuatro años. Se analizaron las variables condición nutricional, clasificación de la cintura y clasificación de la tensión arterial. Se midió la condición de salud del adolescente, determinada por los factores de riesgo identificados en cada momento del estudio y su persistencia, así como la influencia de la condición socioeconómica, para lo cual se ajustó un modelo estructural. Resultados: La condición de salud del niño en el momento 1, se asoció fuertemente con la condición en el momento 2 (r=8,34), demostrando la alta persistencia de los factores de riesgo estudiados. La CSE, mostró una importancia muy marginal sobre la condición del niño en cada momento del estudio. Conclusiones: Los resultados alertan sobre la necesidad de realizar acciones preventivas desde edades tempranas y continuar esta tipo de estudios para conocer el efecto de la CSE, en nuestro contexto.Palabras clave: adolescentes, sobrepeso, hipertensión, factores socioeconómicos.ABSTRACT: Introduction: Atherogenics risk factors are present since early ages. The socio economic condition (SEC) has been identified like an important aspect that seems influence in the appearance of such risk factors. Objective: To determine the association between the socio economic condition and the persistence of some risk factors like overweight, abdominal obesity and hypertension in an adolescent cohort. Material and Methods: A longitudinal study of a cohort composed by 252 adolescent belonging to the Heroes del MoncadaUniversity Policlinic, Plaza Municipality were assessed in two transversal different cuts with a period of time lasting 4 years one to other. The nutritional condition variables, waist classification and blood pressure classification were analyzed and the adolescent´s health condition were measure determining by identified risk factors in each moment of the study and its persistence thus as the socio economic influence to which was an structural model adjusted. Results: The health condition of the adolescent at time 1 was frequently associated to the condition at time 2 (r=8.34), demonstrating the high persistence of study risk factors. The socio economic condition, showed a very marginal importance on the adolescent condition in each moment of the study. Conclusions: Results alerts over the necessity to do preventive actions since early ages and to continue this kind of studies to know the effect of socio economic condition in our context. Key Words: adolescent, overweight, hypertension, socioeconomic factors.</p

High Zika Virus Seroprevalence in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil Limits the Potential for Further Outbreaks.

During 2015 to 2016, Brazil reported more Zika virus (ZIKV) cases than any other country, yet population exposure remains unknown. Serological studies of ZIKV are hampered by cross-reactive immune responses against heterologous viruses. We conducted serosurveys for ZIKV, dengue virus (DENV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 633 individuals prospectively sampled during 2015 to 2016, including microcephaly and non-microcephaly pregnancies, HIV-infected patients, tuberculosis patients, and university staff in Salvador in northeastern Brazil using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and plaque reduction neutralization tests. Sera sampled retrospectively during 2013 to 2015 from 277 HIV-infected patients were used to assess the spread of ZIKV over time. Individuals were georeferenced, and sociodemographic indicators were compared between ZIKV-positive and -negative areas and areas with and without microcephaly cases. Epidemiological key parameters were modeled in a Bayesian framework. ZIKV seroprevalence increased rapidly during 2015 to 2016, reaching 63.3% by 2016 (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.4 to 66.8%), comparable to the seroprevalence of DENV (75.7%; CI, 69.4 to 81.1%) and higher than that of CHIKV (7.4%; CI, 5.6 to 9.8%). Of 19 microcephaly pregnancies, 94.7% showed ZIKV IgG antibodies, compared to 69.3% of 257 non-microcephaly pregnancies (P = 0.017). Analyses of sociodemographic data revealed a higher ZIKV burden in low socioeconomic status (SES) areas. High seroprevalence, combined with case data dynamics allowed estimates of the basic reproduction number R0 of 2.1 (CI, 1.8 to 2.5) at the onset of the outbreak and an effective reproductive number Reff of <1 in subsequent years. Our data corroborate ZIKV-associated congenital disease and an association of low SES and ZIKV infection and suggest that population immunity caused cessation of the outbreak. Similar studies from other areas will be required to determine the fate of the American ZIKV outbreak.IMPORTANCE The ongoing American Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak involves millions of cases and has a major impact on maternal and child health. Knowledge of infection rates is crucial to project future epidemic patterns and determine the absolute risk of microcephaly upon maternal ZIKV infection during pregnancy. For unknown reasons, the vast majority of ZIKV-associated microcephaly cases are concentrated in northeastern Brazil. We analyzed different subpopulations from Salvador, a Brazilian metropolis representing one of the most affected areas during the American ZIKV outbreak. We demonstrate rapid spread of ZIKV in Salvador, Brazil, and infection rates exceeding 60%. We provide evidence for the link between ZIKV and microcephaly, report that ZIKV predominantly affects geographic areas with low socioeconomic status, and show that population immunity likely caused cessation of the outbreak. Our results enable stakeholders to identify target populations for vaccination and for trials on vaccine efficacy and allow refocusing of research efforts and intervention strategies