The use of ecosystem-based adaptation practices by smallholder farmers in Central America

There is growing interest in promoting the use of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) practices to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, however there is limited information on how commonly these practices are used by smallholder farmers and what factors influence their use. Using participatory mapping and field surveys, we examined the prevalence and characteristics of EbA practices on 300 smallholder coffee and maize farmers in six landscapes in Central America and explored the socioeconomic and biophysical factors associated with their use. The prevalence of individual EbA practices varied across smallholder farms. Common EbA practices included live fences, home gardens, shade trees in coffee plantations, and dispersed trees in maize fields. We found a mean of 3.8 EbA practices per farm. Factors that were correlated with the total number of EbA practices on farms included the mean area of coffee plantations, farmer age, farmer experience, the farm type and the landscape in which farms were located. Factors associated with the presence or characteristics of individual EbA practices included the size of coffee plantations, farmer experience, farmer education, land tenure, landscape and farm type. Our analysis suggests that many smallholder farmers in Central America are already using certain EbA practices, but there is still scope for greater implementation. Policy makers, donors and technicians can encourage the broader use of EbA by smallholder farmers by facilitating farmer-to-farmer exchanges to share knowledge on EbA implementation, assessing the effectiveness of EbA practices in delivering adaptation benefits, and tailoring EbA policies and programs for smallholder farmers in different socioeconomic and biophysical contexts. (Résumé d'auteur

Percepciones de cambio climático y respuestas adaptativas de caficultores costarricenses de pequeña escala

Introducción. El cambio climático afectará la distribución, productividad y rentabilidad del cultivo de café en América Central, perjudicando las economías nacionales y los medios de vida de los pequeños productores. Es necesario entender cómo el cambio climático está afectando a los pequeños caficultores en la región para promover medidas que permitan enfrentar estos cambios y adaptarse a ellos. Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los sistemas cafetaleros costarricenses de pequeña escala en dos zonas productivas y explorar los esfuerzos de adaptación al cambio climático que realizan los productores. Materiales y métodos. Entre marzo y mayo de 2014, se realizaron encuestas estructuradas en hogares cafetaleros de dos paisajes vulnerables al cambio climático: Turrialba y Los Santos. El estudio se centró en las percepciones de los productores sobre los cambios en temperatura y lluvia, los impactos reportados como consecuencia de dichos cambios y las acciones de adaptación implementadas en las fincas. Resultados. Los resultados indicaron que el 98 % de los productores percibió cambios en el clima, gran parte de ellos los asociaron con impactos sobre su producción de café, y el 60 % de los encuestados realizó cambios en el manejo de sus cafetales para reducir los efectos del cambio climático. Las prácticas de adaptación más frecuentes fueron sembrar árboles e incrementar el uso de agroquímicos, en mayor medida en respuesta al incremento de temperatura. Conclusión. Este estudio destaca la necesidad de incrementar el apoyo técnico, financiero y político orientado a fomentar y diversificar la implementación de prácticas de adaptación entre pequeños caficultores e incrementar su resiliencia ante el cambio climático

He says, she says: ecosystem services and gender among indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon

Although it has been hypothesized that men and women vary in the way they value ecosystem services, research on ecosystem services rarely incorporates a gender dimension. We conducted research with nine indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon to understand which ecosystem services men and women perceive as most important for their wellbeing and to rank them according to locally-defined criteria of importance. Participants identified a total of 26 ecosystem services and 20 different ranking criteria. Ecosystem services such as land for agricultural fields (a supporting service), and provision of fish and medicinal plants were equally important for both men and women. Wild fruits and resources to make handicrafts were more frequently mentioned by women, whereas timber, materials for making tools and coca leaves were more frequently mentioned by men. There were also differences in the criteria used to value ecosystem services, with 11 criteria mentioned by both men and women, five mentioned exclusively by women and another four only by men. Our results suggest that taking gender differences into account in ecosystem services assessments may result in the prioritization of different services in conservation and sustainable development programs, and may lead to different outcomes for ecosystem service provision and local livelihoods.</p