The use of germinants to potentiate the sensitivity of Bacillus anthracis spores to peracetic acid

Elimination of Bacillus anthracis spores from the environment is a difficult and costly process due in part to the toxicity of current sporicidal agents. For this reason we investigated the ability of the spore germinants L-alanine (100 mM) and inosine (5 mM) to reduce the concentration of peracetic acid (PAA) required to inactivate B. anthracis spores. While L-alanine significantly enhanced (p = 0.0085) the bactericidal activity of 500 ppm PAA the same was not true for inosine suggesting some form of negative interaction. In contrast the germinant combination proved most effective at 100 ppm PAA (p = 0.0009). To determine if we could achieve similar results in soil we treated soil collected from the burial site of an anthrax infected animal which had been supplemented with spores of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis to increase the level of contamination to 104 spores/g. Treatment with germinants followed 1 h later by 5000 ppm PAA eliminated all of the spores. In contrast direct treatment of the animal burial site using this approach delivered using a back pack sprayer had no detectable effect on the level of B. anthracis contamination or on total culturable bacterial numbers over the course of the experiment. It did trigger a significant, but temporary, reduction (p < 0.0001) in the total spore count suggesting that germination had been triggered under real world conditions. In conclusion, we have shown that the application of germinants increase the sensitivity of bacterial spores to PAA. While the results of the single field trial were inconclusive, the study highlighted the potential of this approach and the challenges faced when attempting to perform real world studies on B. anthracis spores contaminated sites

Universal Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Using Uniform Electromagnetic Enhancement

Infrared absorption spectroscopy has greatly benefited from the electromagnetic field enhancement offered by plasmonic surfaces. However, because of the localized nature of plasmonic fields, such field enhancements are limited to nanometer-scale volumes. Here, we demonstrate that a relatively small, but spatially uniform field enhancement can yield a superior infrared detection performance compared to the plasmonic field enhancement exhibited by optimized infrared nanoantennas. A specifically designed CaF2/Al thin film surface is shown to enable observation of stronger vibrational signals from the probe material, with wider bandwidth and a deeper spatial extent of the field enhancement as compared to such plasmonic surfaces. It is demonstrated that the surface structure presented here can enable chemically specific and label-free detection of organic monolayers using surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy, indicating a great potential in highly sensitive yet cost-effective biomolecular sensing applications. © 2016 American Chemical Society

CARD15 Gene 3020insC Mutation with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Patients in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

BACKGROUND: The role of the CARD15 gene 3020insC frameshift mutation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) investigated without a definitive conclusion. The incidence of this mutation in Turkish patients with Crohn’s disease is not known.OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the CARD15/NOD2 3020insC frameshift mutation is a risk factor for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Black Sea Region population in Turkey.METHODS: We studied 3020insC mutation of CARD15/NOD2 gene by allele-specific multiplex PCR in 69 patients with IBD (18 Crohn’s disease [CD] and 51 ulcerative colitis [UC]) and 101 ethnically matched healthy controls.RESULTS: CARD15/NOD2 3020insC frameshift mutation was positive in 7/18 (38.8 %), 13/51 (25.5 %), and 4/101 (4 %) of CD, UC, and healthy control groups, respectively. None of the controls or patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis was homozygous for this mutations.CONCLUSION: This study is to investigate a relation between CARD15/NOD2 3020insC frameshift mutation and in patients with IBD in the Turkish Population. C-insertion frameshift mutation is a major contributor to the susceptibility to both CD and UC, but it is not specific to patients with CD in Turkish population

Human exposure to naturally occurring Bacillus anthracis in the Kars region of Eastern Türkiye

Environmental contamination with Bacillus anthracis spores poses uncertain threats to human health. We undertook a study to determine whether inhabitants of the anthrax-endemic region of Kars in eastern Türkiye could develop immune responses to anthrax toxins without recognised clinical infection. We measured anti-PA and anti-LF IgG antibody concentrations by ELISA in serum from 279 volunteers, 105 of whom had previously diagnosed anthrax infection (100 cutaneous, 5 gastrointestinal). Of the 174 without history of infection, 72 had prior contact with anthrax-contaminated material. Individuals were classified according to demographic parameters, daily working environment, and residence type. All villages in this study had recorded previous animal or human anthrax cases. Stepwise regression analyses showed that prior clinical infection correlated strongly with concentrations at the upper end of the ranges observed for both antibodies. For anti-PA, being a butcher and duration of continuous exposure risk correlated with high concentrations, while being a veterinarian or shepherd, time since infection, and town residence correlated with low concentrations. For anti-LF, village residence correlated with high concentrations, while infection limited to fingers or thumbs correlated with low concentrations. Linear discriminant analysis identified antibody concentration profiles associated with known prior infection. Profiles least typical of prior infection were observed in urban dwellers with known previous infection and in veterinarians without history of infection. Four individuals without history of infection (two butchers, two rural dwellers) had profiles suggesting unrecognised prior infection. Healthy humans therefore appear able to tolerate low-level exposure to environmental B. anthracis spores without ill effect, but it remains to be determined whether this exposure is protective. These findings have implications for authorities tasked with reducing the risk posed to human health by spore-contaminated materials and environments

Cardiac Patch Design: Compatibility of Nanofiber Materials Prepared by Electrospinning Method with Stem Cells

In this article, in order to create a cardiac patch, a biocompatible polyurethane (PU) nanofiber polymer was developed with the electrospinning method. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSCs) were isolated from whole human bone marrow. Isolated BM MSC homogeneity was determined by flow cytometry using specific markers. BM MSC-PU interactions were studied with a WST-1 kit on the 3rd and 7th days. Cardiomyocyte differentiation was performed with 5-azacytidine. Cell survival and proliferation of cardiomyocyte-like cells that were cultured on nerve growth factor (NGF)-embedded PU were evaluated with the WST-1 kit on the 3rd and 7th days. NGF's effect on the cardiomyocyte-like cell proliferation was investigated using anti-p70 S6 kinase monoclonal antibody. Our data indicate that PU nanofibers provided a suitable environment for human BM MSC, and no evident cytotoxicity was observed. Seven days after seeding, NGF-embedded nanofibers proved to be more competent in cell proliferation compared with non-NGF-embedded nanofibers. Cardiomyocyte-like cells were found to adhere on the scaffolds, showing a spreading geometry and retaining viability. Increases in p70 S6 kinase activity through NGF were monitored by flow cytometry.WoSScopu

Effects Of Dexmedetomidine On Succinylcholine-Induced Myalgia In The Early Postoperative Period

Objectives: To determine the effects of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of fasciculation and myalgia, and to evaluate changes in creatine kinase levels due to succinylcholine administration. Methods: Sixty patients undergoing direct laryngoscopy were enrolled in this study carried out in the Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey between January and March 2010. Patients were allocated blindly to 3 anesthesiologists. In the dexmedetomidine group (group D) (n=30), dexmedetomidine 1 mu g/kg was administered intravenously over 10 minutes before the intubation. In the control group (group C) (n=30), the same volume of normal saline was administered. Laryngoscopy was performed one minute after administration of succinylcholine. Dexmedetomidine infusion was continued until the end of surgery. Fasciculation and myalgia at the postoperative thirtieth minute, and creatine kinase levels before the induction of anesthesia and at the postoperative 24th hour, and adequacy of relaxation for intubation were recorded. Results: The severity and incidence of fasciculation were better in group D than group C (p=0.025). Intubating conditions were better in the dexmedetomidine group (p=0.011). At the thirtieth minute, the incidence and severity of myalgia were significantly higher in group C (p=0.014). Postoperative creatine kinase levels increased significantly compared with their base-line levels in both groups (p=0.022 in group D and p=0.017 in group C). Creatine kinase level elevation was higher in group C (p=0.03). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine infusion before and after succinylcholine administration may be useful in diminishing the incidence of succinylcholine-induced myalgia in the early postoperative period. Routine use of dexmedetomidine cannot be recommended, but further research is needed with a larger number of patients.Wo

Infrared absorption spectroscopy of monolayers with thin film interference coatings

We report high performance Infrared spectroscopy platforms based on interference coatings on metal using CaF2 dielectric films and Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) phase-change films. IR vibrational bands of proteins and organic monolayers are also detected. © 2017 OSA

A new side effect of synthetic cannabinoid use by the bucket (waterpipe) method: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

The use and content of synthetic canibinden (SCs) has been rapidly increased in the last decades. The complex content of these substances bring along a wide spectrum of side effects. In addition to the expected neuropsychological side effects of pleasure-inducing substances such as agitation, anxiety, panic attack and hallucinations, rare cases of cerebrovascular diseases, seizures, acute renal injury, myocardial infarction and chronic lung injury have also been previously reported.Here we report a 19-year -old male who was presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) within hours of inhaled SC use with the rarely preferred bucket method. There is limited information in the literature about pulmonary effects of SCs and we could not detect any other ARDS case that develoed within hours after consumption of SC with the bucket method

Comparison Of Propofol And Midazolam On Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery With Intraoperative Wake-Up Test: Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and objectives: Instrumentation in correction operations for spinal deformities carries a 0.5-5% risk of injuring the spinal cord. The wake-up test is used for early detection of these injuries. In this study we compared the effects of propofol and midazolam during wake-up test in scoliosis surgery. Methods: Thirty patients were randomly assigned as group P and group M. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2.5 mg kg(-1) for group P or midazolam 0.5 mg kg-1 for group M with remifentanit 0.5 vig kg(-1) and cisatracurium 0.15 mg kg(-1) for both groups. At the maintenance of anesthesia O-2/air and infusions of remifentanil and cisatracurium were used. In group P, propofol 6-10 mg kg(-1) h(-1) and in group M, midazolam 0.5 mg mg kg(-1) were preferred. Approximately 15 min before the wake-up test, all drugs were discontinued. At the wake-up test, anesthesiologist asked the patients to open their eyes and squeeze his/her hand at every 30s until the patients responded. Then patients were told to wiggle their toes. Hemodynamic parameters, time of eye-opening, appropriate movement upon verbal command were evaluated. BPS frequency throughout the operation was recorded. Results: The eye opening time was 9 + 2.15 min in group P and 7 +/- 3.15 min in group M. Motor movement time was 12 +/- 2.55 min in group P and 21.25 +/- 3.93 min in group M. Conclusion: Propofol provided better wake-up conditions and conducted a better neurologic assessment within the same BIS values than midazolam. (C) 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.WoSScopu