Implications of Unregistered Employment in Kosovo’s Pension System

Governments give substantial importance towards retirement. Pension spending accounts for one of the largest spending items of public expenditure. The importance of pensions is going to increase in the future, as demographic trends reflect the greying of the population, in which a decreasing number of working people will need to support an increasing amount of retired people. At the same time, informal employment is a pressing economic issue as is apparent when comparing its size to the general economy. Kosovo is a country that faces both problems, ageing and high informal employment. This study explores the relationship between these two topics, specifically analyzing the ways in which informal employment affects the pension system and reviewing the attitudes of working age people as they pertain to pensions and work contracts. Informal employment is analyzed through various filters such as age, gender, educational attainment, living situation, and type of work. This study finds that informal employment has a substantially negative effect on the Kosovo pension system by affecting both the tax-funded component and the individual savings fund of the pension system. Lastly, the study offers recommendations related to the relationship of informality and pensions

Green's Relations in Rings and Completely Simple Rings

In this paper we prove that which of Green's relations $\mathcal{L,R,H}$ and $\mathcal{D}$ in rings preserve the minimality of quasi-ideal. By this it is possible to show the structure of the classes generated by the above relations which have a minimal quasi ideal. For the completely simple rings we show that they are generated by the union of zero with a $\mathcal{D}$-class. Also we emphasize that a completely simple ring coincides with the union of zero with a $\mathcal{D}$-class if and only if it is a division ring

Improving edge finite element assembly for geophysical electromagnetic modelling on shared-memory architectures

This work presents a set of node-level optimizations to perform the assembly of edge finite element matrices that arise in 3D geophysical electromagnetic modelling on shared-memory architectures. Firstly, we describe the traditional and sequential assembly approach. Secondly, we depict our vectorized and shared-memory strategy which does not require any low level instructions because it is based on an interpreted programming language, namely, Python. As a result, we obtained a simple parallel-vectorized algorithm whose runtime performance is considerably better than sequential version. The set of optimizations have been included to the work-flow of the Parallel Edge-based Tool for Geophysical Electromagnetic Modelling (PETGEM) which is developed as open-source at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center. Finally, we present numerical results for a set of tests in order to illustrate the performance of our strategy.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 644202. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme (2014-2020) and from Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation through Rede Nacional de Pesquisa (RNP) under the HPC4E Project (www.hpc4e.eu), grant agreement No. 689772. Authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT). All numerical tests were performed on the MareNostrum supercomputer of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (www.bsc.es).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The phenomenon of blood feud and implementation of restorative justice in Albania

https://www.ester.ee/record=b543829

Some Generalizations of Green’s Relations in Rings and Modules

In semigroups theory Green’s relations, introduced by J. Green, are a very important and useful tool for developing the semigroup theory. They characterise the element of a semigroup or a ring in terms of the principal ideals they generate. In contrast to early semigroup theory , where, as we have seen, ideas from ring’s were applied to semigroups, Green’s relation’s have also been applied to ring’s (Hollings, 2014). In ring theory Green’s relation’s are introduced by (Petro,2002) In this paper at first we generalize Green’s relations in rings. After this we notice that there exist an one to one correspondence between the ideals of a ring and this type of new relations we introduced.Then we compare them with Green’s relations in rings. At last we define some new relations in module theory, which mimic Green’s relations in rings, as an attempt to get tools in studying modules.&nbsp

Ecological studies on container-breeding mosquitoes Aedes geniculatus (Oliver) and Aedes aegypti (L.)

Imperial Users onl

The Impact Assessment of the VAT reduction in Tourism Sector

As a part of measures to support tourism sector as one of the government’s strategic priorities, the Albanian government reduced the tourism value added tax (VAT). The main purpose of this article is to analyze the effects of reducing the VAT for Tourism from 20% to 6%. In order to evaluate the impact and benefit of the introduction of the VAT rate reduction in an informed manner and determine whether the objectives of the initiative have been met, the following questions are considered: • Did the reduction in the VAT rate result in lower consumer prices in the impacted categories? • Has there been an increase in tourist numbers as a result of the VAT rate reduction and what has been the impact on revenue? • Has there been an increase in demand / activity in the tourism industry as a result of the VAT rate reduction? • Has there been an increase in employment in the tourism industry as a result of the VAT rate reduction? The assessment framework enables an indicative assessment of the VAT rate cut’s impact through consideration of the key questions referred to previously. The term “indicative assessment” is used owing to the data challenges around aligning various data sets, data lags and the limited time since the cut came into effect. Clearly the question of whether a specific input or policy measure, such as the VAT decrease, has contributed strongly to, or in effect led to, an increase in tourism activity or employment within tourism sector