¿Representacion enactiva o simbólica? Cuando el orden altera el producto

[EN] This paper reviews a pedagogic exercise related to the degree of Architecture being taught at the University of Chile. This exercise, which is based on the action of folding paper, integrates knowledge areas from the project learning in initial phases. To illustrate this, in the methodology section, the applied didactic strategy together with its theoretical sustenance are described and then followed by both a review of the activities of the project itself and the learning results. The exercise addresses the multidisciplinary features of our field in Architecture, since it encourages students to directly and intuitively solve physical, structural, geometric, aesthetic and functional issues in an integral manner, appealing and adding to their already acquired ability to do and think in an enactive manner. The outcome of this exercise gets deep into the relationship among a number of aspects which include the type of representation incidence in the projecting operation (iconic, symbolic and enactive representations) and its directions, i.e., from enactive to symbolic representation and vice versa. Furthermore, it also lays out the didactic strategies and teaching contributions of the study case. To conclude, the relevance of this practical approach concerning the relationship between form with these three types of representation is discussed, so students may apply their knowledge and experience acquired during their life in the first stages of their architectural training at university.[ES] Este artículo revisa un ejercicio pedagógico relacionado con la carrera de Arquitectura que se imparte en la Universidad de Chile. Este ejercicio, que se basa en la acción de doblar papel, integra áreas de conocimiento del aprendizaje del proyecto en fases iniciales. Para ilustrar esto, en la sección de metodología, se describe la estrategia didáctica aplicada junto con su sustento teórico, seguido por una revisión de las actividades del proyecto en sí y de los resultados del aprendizaje. El ejercicio aborda los rasgos multidisciplinares de nuestro campo de trabajo en Arquitectura, ya que incentiva a los estudiantes a resolver de manera directa e intuitiva cuestiones físicas, estructurales, geométricas, estéticas y funcionales de manera integral, apelando y sumando a su capacidad ya adquirida de hacer y “pensar” de una manera corporeizada basada en su propia experiencia. El resultado de este ejercicio profundiza en la relación entre una serie de aspectos que incluyen el tipo de incidencia de la representación en la operación proyectiva (representaciones icónicas, simbólicas y enactivas) y sus direcciones, es decir, desde la representación enactiva a la simbólica y viceversa. Además, también expone las estrategias didácticas y los aportes docentes del caso de estudio. Para concluir, se discute la relevancia de este enfoque práctico a la hora de relacionar la forma con estos tres tipos de representación (simbólica, icónica y enactiva), para que los estudiantes puedan aplicar los conocimientos y experiencias adquiridos durante su vida en las primeras etapas de su formación arquitectónica en la universidad.Vice-Rectory of Research and Depelopement (VID) of the University of Chile, Program of Support for Academic Productivity in Social Sciences, Humanities, Arts and Education, PROA 2018Wolff, C.; Cárcamo, M. (2021). Enactive or symbolic representation? When the order alters the product. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal. 8(1):173-188. https://doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2021.12534OJS17318881Bergen, Benjamin. Louder than Words: The New Science of How the Mind Makes Meaning. New York: Basic Books, 2012.Cárcamo, Mauricio Arnoldo, and Víctor Felipe Alegría. "Dérive/Drift: Walking, Drawing and Devising on the Architectural, Urban and Territorial Projective Practices." In Urban Futures 3, edited by David Buck and Carla Molinari, 17-26. Cheltenham: University of Gloucestershire, 2019.Cárcamo, Mauricio Arnoldo, and Cecilia Wolff. CUBOOK: 1200 gramos destinados a discurrir en torno al "manoaje." Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile, 2017.Donald, Merlin Wilfred. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.DUBC. "'Tecnologías del conocimiento.' Vers. 2012. Diploma en docencia universitaria basada en competencias," 2012. http://www.tecnologiasdelconocimiento.cl/uchile.Edwards, Betty. The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc, 1999. First published 1979.Eliot, T. S. The Rock: A Pageant Play. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1934.Hannaford, Carla. Smart Moves: Why Learning Is Not All in Your Head. 2nd ed. Salt lake city, Utah: River Books, 2005. First published 1995.Marcos Alonso, Jesús. "¿Profesiones o corporaciones? Al margen del debate gremial entre técnicos 'superiores' y técnicos 'de grado medio.'" Construcción, Arquitectura, Urbanismo. CAU Colegio Oficial de Aparejadores y Arquitectos Técnicos de Cataluña y Baleares 2-3 (1970): 116-25.Morin, Edgar. Seven Complex Lessons in Education for the Future. Translated by Nidra Poller. 1st ed. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2001.Noë, Alva. Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Conciousness. New York: Hill and Wang, 2009.Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. London: Wiley-Academy Editions, 2005. First published 1996.Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Thinking Hand: Existential and Embodied Wisdom in Architecture. London: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. First published 1954.Pareyson, Luigi. Estética: teoría de la formatividad. Milan: Editorial Bompiani, 2002. First published 1954.Piaget, Jean. Estudios de psicología genética. Translated by Antonio M. Battro. 7th ed. Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores, 1972.Rizzolatti, Giacomo, L. Fadiga, V. Gallese, and L. Fogassi. "Premotor Cortex and Recognition of Motor Actions." Cognition Brain Research 3, no. 2 (1996): 131-41.Valéry, Paul. Piezas sobre arte. Translated by José Luis Arántegui. Madrid: A. Machado Libros, 2005. First published 1924.Vázquez, Fernando Guillermo, Mauricio Arnoldo Cárcamo, and Eduardo Takemi. "Proposta Ditática Para Ensino de Rhinoceros: Da Formalização Manual à Digital." Educação Gráfica 22, no. 2 (2018): 131-46.Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998

Estrategias, sistemas y tecnologías para el uso de luz natural y su aplicación en la rehabilitación de edificios históricos

La presente tesis investiga sobre la manera en que la arquitectura se ha construido para utilizar la luz natural, con el fin de aplicar estos conocimientos a la rehabilitación de edificios históricos. Para ello es necesario conocer aspectos técnicos en el uso de la luz, partiendo por comprender cuáles son los fenómenos físicos que debiéramos conocer los arquitectos para poder utilizarla adecuadamente. Es necesario también saber cómo es el comportamiento de los materiales frente a la luz y cómo utilizar¬los en el contexto rehabilitación. Dentro de los aspectos técnicos, se establece cuáles son las estrate¬gias, los sistemas y las tecnologías necesarias para la utilización de la luz en arquitectura, y se organiza esta información con el fin de hacerla clara, accesible y útil. Sin embargo, la luz no puede ser empleada en forma adecuada si no se conocen los requerimientos y las necesidades que el ser humano tiene respecto de ella, para habitar en forma confortable y salu¬dable. Es por eso que se establecen a su vez los requerimientos humanos respecto de la luz desde el punto de vista de sus características biológicas, su percepción y sus necesidades ergonómicas. Como la tesis se enmarca dentro de la problemática de la rehabilitación de edificios históricos, es necesario conocer cuál es la relación entre los procesos histórico-culturales y la técnica para utilizar la luz en la historia de la arquitectura. Se busca establecer la correlación entre historia y técnica, con el fin de responder en forma adecuada a los valores patrimoniales de un edificio histórico al alterar un aspecto tan importante como su iluminación natural. Con este conjunto de conocimientos técnicos, humanos e históricos establecidos en la primera parte de la tesis, se propone un protocolo de diseño para un proyecto de rehabilitación en cinco casos de estudio. Esta herramienta analiza el comportamiento actual de la luz para una determinada función, detecta los problemas lumínicos, establece criterios para la elección de soluciones y analiza el compor¬tamiento de estas soluciones. Finalmente compara los resultados lumínicos de las condiciones actua¬les y la solución propuesta. Por último, la investigación genera criterios que pueden ser aplicables a la normativa chilena de plani¬ficación territorial respecto del uso de la luz en contextos urbanos patrimoniales. ABSTRACT This thesis addresses how the architecture has been built to use natural light, in order to apply this knowledge to the historic buildings rehabilitation. This requires knowing technical aspects in the use of light, starting to understand what physical phenomena we, the architects, should know to use it properly. It is also necessary to know how materials behave in regards to light and how to use it in the rehabilitation context. Among the technical aspects, we should define strategies, systems and techno¬logies necessary for the use of light in architecture, and organize this information in order to make it clear, available and useful. However, light cannot be used properly if are not known requirements and needs that human beings have towards it, to live in comfortable and healthy way. That is why light human requirements are determined to know how light influences their cycles, perception and comfort. As the thesis is in frame of rehabilitation of historic building problem, it is necessary to know how is the relationship between historic-cultural processes and technology of light use, in the architecture history. It seeks to establish the correlation between History and technology, in order to give an ade¬quately answer to the heritage values of a historic building by altering an important aspect like its natural lighting. With this set of technical, human and historical knowledge, established in the first part of the thesis, a protocol is proposed for a rehabilitation project design in five study cases. This tool analyzes current behavior of light for a specifically function, detects lighting problems, establishes criteria for the selec¬tion of solutions and analyzes solution behaviors. Additionally, it compares results of current lighting conditions and the proposed solution. Finally this research generates criteria that may be applicable to Chilean territorial planning legislation, regarding use of light in patrimonial urban contexts

Spatial and temporal distribution of incidence of acquired equine polyneuropathy in Norway and Sweden, 1995-2012

BACKGROUND: Acquired equine polyneuropathy (AEP) is an emerging disease in horses in Sweden, Norway and Finland since 1995. Affected horses show bilateral pelvic limb knuckling and weakness, sometimes progressing to recumbency and euthanasia. The aetiology is unknown but is thought to be non-infectious and non-genetic, though possibly toxic or toxico-infectious. The objectives of this study were to describe the spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal features of AEP in Norway and Sweden for the period of 1995 to 2012. Data from all documented case farms (n = 136) were used. Space-time interaction clustering of case farms was investigated with a retrospective space-time scan statistic with a space-time permutation model, the space-time K-function and the Jacquez k nearest neighbour (kNN) test. RESULTS: There was a clear seasonality in disease occurrence, as 123 case farms presented their first case from January to May. However, there was large variation in the number of case farms between years. Case farms were more numerous in certain regions. Despite the larger horse population in Sweden, 120 of the case farms were in Norway. Space-time clustering was supported by the K-function and partly by the space-time scan, but not by the Jacquez k nearest neighbour (kNN) test. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an aetiology for AEP where the exposure is not consistent in time, but varies during and between years, assuming that the incubation period does not vary greatly. The results further suggest that the exposure varies between regions as well. Two out of three different analytical methods supported spatio-temporal clustering of case farms, which rendered inconclusive results. The negative result in the kNN test might be explained by lack of power, which is due to the small number of outbreaks in relation to the size of the study area and length of the study period, and further by the low to moderate power of methods to detect space-time clustering when the background population is unknown. Further research is needed to study how management, meteorological variables and other factors with local or regional differences may explain outbreaks of AEP

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine coronavirus in Swedish organic and conventional dairy herds

Background: Infections with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BoCV) are endemic to the cattle populations in most countries, causing respiratory and/or enteric disease. It has been demonstrated that herds can remain free from these infections for several years also in high prevalence areas. Organically managed (OM) dairy herds have been shown to have lower seroprevalence of both viruses compared to conventionally managed (CM) herds. The objective of this study was to challenge the hypothesis of a lower occurrence of BRSV and BoCV in OM compared to CM dairy herds. In November 2011, May 2012 and May 2013 milk samples from four homebred primiparous cows were collected in 75 to 65 OM and 69 to 62 CM herds. The antibody status regarding BRSV and BoCV was analysed with commercial indirect ELISAs. Herds were classified as positive if at least one individual sample was positive. Results: The prevalence of positive herds ranged from 73.4% to 82.3% for BRSV and from 76.8% to 85.3% for BoCV among OM and CM herds, over the three sampling occasions. There was no statistically significant difference between OM and CM herds at any sampling occasion. The incidence risk of newly infected herds did not differ statistically between OM and CM herds at any sampling occasion, neither for BRSV nor for BoCV. The incidence of herds turning sero-negative between samplings corresponded to the incidence of newly infected. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were also sampled in the herds and analysed. Several herds were negative on individual samples but positive in BTM. Herd-level data on production, health and reproduction were retrieved from VÄXA Sweden and the study herds were representative of the source population. Conclusion: There was no difference in prevalence of or incidence risk for BRSV or BoCV between Swedish OM and CM herds. Because the incidence of herds becoming seropositive was balanced by herds becoming seronegative it should be possible to lower the prevalence of these two infections among Swedish dairy cattle herds if biosecurity is improved

PANORÁMICA GUINIGUADA, TORIL, CATEDRAL Y CALLE CASTILLO [Material gráfico]

FOTO POSTAL DE CALLE DE GRANADOS. COLOREADA. DUPLICADO DE LA IMAGEN Nº 1181 EN OTRO FORMATO.Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201

Nebulized Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA) for Acute COVID-19-Induced Respiratory Failure : An Exploratory Proof-of-Concept Trial

Acknowledgments We would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to all the colleagues and hospital staff who worked tirelessly throughout the pandemic and without whom this work would not have been possible. Firstly, we would like to thank our colleagues in the intensive care unit (ICU), in particular the matrons, Sean Carroll and Sinead Hanton, and research nurses, Filipe Helder and Amitaa Maharajh for their support, and bedside nurses who bore the responsibility of drug administration. We would also like to extend our thanks to ICU consultants who acted as professional legal consultees on behalf of critical care patients. Equally, we would like to thank colleagues within the respiratory team. Their expertise was instrumental to our role in treating patients on 8N and 8E wards. A special mention to lead Nurse Mary Emerson; we were grateful for her knowledge, support and for facilitating the training for the nebulizer and drug administration on the wards. We would like to thank Aarti Nandani and all the staff in the Royal Free clinical trials pharmacy for their immense support throughout the whole pandemic, especially considering their ever-increasing workload at the time. Thanks also to the HSL coagulation laboratory, the Trust R&D department and all the staff working to cover during a very challenging time. We are also very grateful to the Royal Free charity for funding this study. Finally, we would like to thank all the clinical nurses, physiotherapists, research data managers and healthcare professionals within the Haemophilia department (and wider hospital) for all their many efforts in supporting this study. This trial was overseen by an independent data monitoring committee, chaired by Najib Rahman, Director of the Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, University of Oxford and comprises the following committee members: Mike Makris, Jonathan Silversides and Henry Watson. Funding Royal Free Charity Trust Fund 35 provided funding for this study. The study drug was provided by Boehringer Ingelheim (BI). BI had no role in the design, analysis, or interpretation of the results. They were given the opportunity to review the manuscript for medical and scientific accuracy since it relates to BI substances and intellectual property considerations.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Clinical relevance of ErbB-2/HER2 nuclear expression in breast cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The biological relevance of nuclear ErbB-2/HER2 (NuclErbB-2) presence in breast tumors remains unexplored. In this study we assessed the clinical significance of ErbB-2 nuclear localization in primary invasive breast cancer. The reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK) guidelines were used as reference.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Tissue microarrays from a cohort of 273 primary invasive breast carcinomas from women living in Chile, a Latin American country, were examined for membrane (MembErbB-2) and NuclErbB-2 expression by an immunofluorescence (IF) protocol we developed. ErbB-2 expression was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a series of antibodies. Correlation between NuclErbB-2 and MembErbB-2, and between NuclErbB-2 and clinicopathological characteristics of tumors was studied. The prognostic value of NuclErbB-2 in overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox model was used to explore NuclErbB-2 as independent prognostic factor for OS.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The IF protocol we developed showed significantly higher sensitivity for detection of NuclErbB-2 than IHC procedures, while its specificity and sensitivity to detect MembErbB-2 were comparable to those of IHC procedures. We found 33.6% NuclErbB-2 positivity, 14.2% MembErbB-2 overexpression by IF, and 13.0% MembErbB-2 prevalence by IHC in our cohort. We identified NuclErbB-2 positivity as a significant independent predictor of worse OS in patients with MembErbB-2 overexpression. NuclErbB-2 was also a biomarker of lower OS in tumors that overexpress MembErbB-2 and lack steroid hormone receptors.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We revealed a novel role for NuclErbB-2 as an independent prognostic factor of poor clinical outcome in MembErbB-2-positive breast tumors. Our work indicates that patients presenting NuclErbB-2 may need new therapeutic strategies involving specific blockage of ErbB-2 nuclear migration.</p

Susceptibility of Human Lymphoid Tissue Cultured ex vivo to Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) Infection

BACKGROUND: Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was generated after a recombination event between two endogenous murine leukemia viruses during the production of a prostate cancer cell line. Although the associations of the XMRV infection with human diseases appear unlikely, the XMRV is a retrovirus of undefined pathogenic potential, able to replicate in human cells in vitro. Since recent studies using animal models for infection have yielded conflicting results, we set out an ex vivo model for XMRV infection of human tonsillar tissue to determine whether XMRV produced by 22Rv1 cells is able to replicate in human lymphoid organs. Tonsil blocks were infected and infection kinetics and its pathogenic effects were monitored RESULTS: XMRV, though restricted by APOBEC, enters and integrates into the tissue cells. The infection did not result in changes of T or B-cells, immune activation, nor inflammatory chemokines. Infectious viruses could be recovered from supernatants of infected tonsils by reinfecting DERSE XMRV indicator cell line, although these supernatants could not establish a new infection in fresh tonsil culture, indicating that in our model, the viral replication is controlled by innate antiviral restriction factors. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the replication-competent retrovirus XMRV, present in a high number of laboratories, is able to infect human lymphoid tissue and produce infectious viruses, even though they were unable to establish a new infection in fresh tonsillar tissue. Hereby, laboratories working with cell lines producing XMRV should have knowledge and understanding of the potential biological biohazardous risks of this virus