Inhibitory effects of agmatine on monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity: Reconciling the discrepancies

Abstract Agmatine has been functionally characterized as an important hormone and co-neurotransmitter in mammals. Given its ability in binding Imidazoline sites, a regolatory site of monoaminoxydase, it has been suggested to be involved in many neurological aspects. However, its inhibitory effect on this enzyme still remains an unanswered question. This present study is aimed to asses whether different experimental conditions could affect the agmatine action on monoaminoxydase activity. We demonstrate that the monoaminoxydase inhibition by agmatine is obtained under alkaline conditions and a long time of incubation. No inhibitiory action was found for shorter times of reaction at elevated pH, or at neutral condition and long time of incubation. No inhibition was also detected by substituting the monoamineoxydase substrate tyramine with kynuramine, however, while in these conditions a remarkable inhibition was shown by two aminoxydase inhibitors tranylcypromine and idazoxan. Herein, we discuss a mechanism model and the functional consequences of agmatine action on monoaminoxydase

Folic acid-layered double hydroxides hybrids in skin formulations: Technological, photochemical and in vitro cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Abstract Folic acid (FA) is a key factor in the physiological processes of cell metabolism; as it is involved in DNA synthesis and repair, it can be used in the treatment of aged and photo-damaged skin. The main drawbacks associated to FA use, particularly for topical applications, are the limited solubility and the sensitivity to UV rays. Hybrids of FA with two kinds of layered double hydroxides (ZnAl-LDH and MgAl-LDH) were prepared and characterized showing suitable particle size, flow properties and UV photoprotection. The introduction of FA-LDHs in the external water phase of O/W emulgels produced an enhancement of their flow properties; moreover, the spectrophotometric analyses showed that very good photostability is maintained even after their introduction into the formulations. In-vitro release studies showed that the FA-LDH containing emulgels promoted a sustained FA release as expected. Finally, the safety of FA-LDH was evaluated by in-vitro studies performed on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human primary dermal fibroblasts (as a skin representative). The obtained results showed a high cytotoxic effect of ZnAl-LDH-FA in both cell lines

Vitamin D3 as possible diagnostic marker of Eating Disorders

Abstract Purpose Eating Disorders (EDs) refer to a group of psychiatric conditions in which disorderly food intake results in impaired psychological functioning or physical health. Nowadays, these disorders represent an increasing problem in modern society. There are no universally validated clinical parameters to confirm, disprove or simply help to identify EDs except for diagnostic criteria on psychiatric basis. The aim of this study was the assessment of Vitamin D3 level in patients with EDs to understand if it might be a valid clinical biochemistry parameter useful as prognostic marker. Methods The sample consists of 28 female patients, who suffer from EDs. Blood samples were examined in terms of blood count, glucose, cholesterol and Vitamin D3 levels. The other clinical biochemistry parameters were analysed to understand if the Vitamin D3 was the only altered parameter. Results The parameters that appear altered are glycemia, cholesterol and, in particular, Vitamin D3. Significant results were obtained comparing controls with restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (p value= 0,003) and with purging-type anorexia nervosa (p value= 0,007). Conclusion There are currently no universally validated and diagnostic reliable clinical biochemistry parameters for EDs but, in the light of the findings, but our research indicates the potential use of Vitamin D3 as a biomarker for anorexia nervosa. Level of evidence Level III: Evidence obtained from a single-center cohort study

Association Between DRD2 and DRD4 Polymorphisms and Eating Disorders in an Italian Population

Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) are the three most common eating disorders (EDs). Their etiopathogenesis is multifactorial where both the environmental and genetic factors contribute to the disease outcome and severity. Several polymorphisms in genes involved in the dopaminergic pathways seem to be relevant in the susceptibility to EDs, but their role has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we have analyzed the association between selected common polymorphisms in the DRD2 and DRD4 genes in a large cohort of Italian patients affected by AN (n = 332), BN (n = 122), and BED (n = 132) compared to healthy controls (CTRs) (n = 172). Allelic and genotypic frequencies have been also correlated with the main psychopathological and clinical comorbidities often observed in patients. Our results showed significant associations of the DRD2-rs6277 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with AN and BN, of the DRD4-rs936461 SNP with BN and BED and of DRD4 120-bp tandem repeat (TR) polymorphism (SS plus LS genotypes) with BED susceptibility. Moreover, genotyping of DRD4 48-bp variable number TR (VNTR) identified the presence of >= 7R alleles as risk factors to develop each type of EDs. The study also showed that ED subjects with a history of drugs abuse were characterized by a significantly higher frequency of the DRD4 rs1800955 TT genotype and DRD4 120-bp TR short-allele. Our findings suggest that specific combinations of variants in the DRD2 and DRD4 genes are predisposing factors not only for EDs but also for some psychopathological features often coupled specifically to AN, BN, and BED. Further functional research studies are needed to better clarify the complex role of these proteins and to develop novel therapeutic compounds based on dopamine modulation

Licium Barbarum cultivated in Italy: Chemical characterization and nutritional evaluation

Goji berries are the most cultivated fruit crop in Asian countries as they contain many nutrients and health-promoting bioactive compounds. These health-promoting properties have recently stimulated the interest of food and nutraceutical industries in Europe, so this crop has spread within Italy, which has become the largest European producer. Several works on the chemical composition and biological activities of Chinese goji berries are available. In this review, the chemical and the nutritional profile of goji berries from Licium barbarum spp. cultivated in Italy are reported

Gene variants in Eating Disorders. Focus on Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-eating Disorder

Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder, have a deep social impact, concluding with death in cases of severe disease. Eating disorders affect up to 5% of the population in the industrialized countries, but probably the phenomenon is under-detection and under-diagnosis. Eating disorders are multifactorial disorders, resulting from the interaction between environmental triggers, psychological factors, but there is also a strong genetic component. In fact, genetic factors predispose for approximately 33-84% to anorexia nervosa, 28-83% to bulimia nervosa, and 41-57% to binge eating disorder. Twins and family studies have provided an unassailable proof on the heritability of these disorders. Other types of genetic studies, including genome-wide association studies, whole genome sequencing and linkage analysis, allowed to identify the genes and their variants associated with eating disorders and moreover global collaborative efforts have led to delineate the etiology of these disorders. Next Generation Sequencing technologies can be considered as an ideal diagnostic approach to identify not only the common variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphism, but also rare variants. Here we summarize the present knowledge on the molecular etiology and genetic determinants of eating disorders including serotonergic genes, dopaminergic genes, opioid genes, appetite regulation genes, endocannabinoid genes and vitamin D3

Localization of nuclear actin in nuclear lipid microdomains of liver and hepatoma cells: Possible involvement of sphingomyelin metabolism

Nuclear actin has been implicated in different nuclear functions. In this work, its localization in nuclear membrane, chromatin and nuclear lipid microdomains was investigated. The implication of sphingomyelin metabolism was studied. Nuclear membrane, chromatin and nuclear lipid microdomains were purified from hepatocyte nuclei and H35 human hepatoma cell nuclei. The presence of \u3b2-actin was analyzed with immunoblotting by using specific antibodies. Sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelin-synthase, and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C activities were assayed by using radioactivity sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine as substrate. The results showed that \u3b2-actin is localized in nuclear lipid microdomains and it increases in cancer cells. Evidence is provided to the difference of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin metabolism in various subnuclear fractions of cancer cell nuclei compared with normal cells. Our findings show increase of sphingomyelin-synthase and inhibition of sphingomyelinase activity only in nuclear lipid microdomains. Nuclear lipid microdomains, constituted by phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, play a role as platform for \u3b2-actin anchoring. Possible role of sphingomyelin metabolism in cancer cells is discussed

Clinical assessment for diet prescription

Accurate nutritional assessment based on dietary intake, physical activity, genetic makeup, and metabolites is required to prevent from developing and/or to treat people suffering from malnutrition as well as other nutrition related health issues. Nutritional screening ought to be considered as an essential part of clinical assessment for every patient on admission to healthcare setups, as well as on change in clinical conditions. Therefore, a detailed nutritional assessment must be performed every time nutritional imbalances are observed or suspected. In this review we have explored different techniques used for nutritional and physical activity assessment.  Dietary Intake (DI) assessment is a multidimensional and complex process. Traditionally, dietary intake is assessed through self-report techniques, but due to limitations like biases, random errors, misestimations, and nutrient databases-linked errors, questions arise about the adequacy of self-reporting dietary intake procedures. Despite the limitations in assessing dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA), new methods and improved technologies such as biomarkers analysis, blood tests, genetic assessments, metabolomic analysis, DEXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging), and CT (computed tomography) scanning procedures have made much progress in the improvement of these measures. Genes also plays a crucial role in dietary intake and physical activity. Similarly, metabolites are also involved in different nutritional pathways. This is why integrating knowledge about the genetic and metabolic markers along with the latest technologies for dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA) assessment holds the key for accurately assessing one’s nutritional status and prevent malnutrition and its related complications

Dietary effects of oregano (Origanum vulgaris L.) plant or sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood extracts on microbiological, chemical-physical characteristics and lipid oxidation of cooked ham during storage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effect of feeding pigs with diets enriched with sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) or oregano (Origanum vulgaris L.) extract on the microbiological and chemical characteristics of cooked pork ham. Three groups of 10 pigs were fed with a control diet (CTRL), with the CTRL diet enriched with 0.2% of oregano extract (OR) and with the CTRL diet enriched with 0.2% of sweet chestnut wood extract (SCW), respectively. Six cooked hams per group were produced, sliced and packaged under a modified atmosphere (N2:CO2=80:20) and stored at refrigeration temperature (4±1°C). Three packages per cooked ham were sampled for analyses at three different storage times (0, 10 and 20 days). At day 0 time, antioxidant capacity of the products (ORACFL assay) and chemical composition were performed. At each sampling time, from all the samples the following analyses were performed: Total Microbial Count (TMC), Lactic Acid Bacteria count (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae count, Listeria monocytogenes, pH value, colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*), total basic volatile nitrogen (TBVN) and thio-barbituric reactive substances (TBARs) determinations. No differences in TMC, LAB and Enterobacteriaceae count, pH, TBVN, chemical composition and L* values were registered between the three groups at all the sampling times considered. No Listeria monocytogenes was detected in the samples tested. Significant differences were registered for ORACFL at 0 days, a* and b* values and TBARs value at 10 and 20 days of storage, with higher values for ORACFL, a* and b* values and lower values for TBARs in SCW and OR than CTRL. No antimicrobial effect could be recorded for OR and SCW but a higher oxidative stability, also highlighted by the colour maintenance, was observed in both OR and SCW

Effect of Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) Supplementation on Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does

Simple Summary Infectious diseases represent serious problems for the reproductive performance of livestock animals because they negatively affect not only the welfare of the animals, but also the profitability of the farm. Moreover, the European Community continues to promote the reduction of the use of antibiotics and hormones in animal breeding. In this context, it is necessary to find new nutritional approaches to reduce the negative energy balance, and at the same time, to reinforce the immune system of the animals. In this research, the effect of goji berry supplementation on the reproductive activity and productive performance of rabbits is evaluated. Lycium barbarum fruit is considered a nutraceutical natural product containing various biologically active substances that show health benefits for both humans and animals. In particular, the berry can modulate hormones and metabolites involved in energy balance and reproduction, stimulate and balance the immune system activity, contributing to the defense of the organism against pathogens. Our results suggest that the integration with goji berry in the rabbit diet at 1% affects the reproductive activity, influencing the pattern secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogens, as well as the sexual receptivity. Moreover, the fruit induced a higher milk production, improving the productive performance of young rabbits. Goji berry shows a wide range of beneficial properties in human health, but only a few studies evaluated its effects in livestock animals. The objective of this research was to assess the effects of goji berry supplementation on the hormonal profile, productive, and reproductive performance of does. Two months before artificial insemination, 105 nulliparous does were randomly divided into three groups (n = 35) based on the dietary treatment: commercial diet (C), or a diet supplemented with either 1% (G1), or 3% (G3) of goji berry, respectively. The results showed that receptivity was higher in G1 than in the C group (p < 0.05). Trends toward significance for differences between the G1 and G3 groups in marginal means of LH concentrations (p = 0.059), and between G1 and C in LH AUC values (p = 0.078), were evidenced. Estrogen concentrations showed a more fluctuating trend but a significant interaction effect (p < 0.001). The G1 group showed higher litter weight than C at birth (p = 0.008) and weaning (p < 0.001), as well as higher litter size at weaning (p = 0.020). The G1 group also exhibited the highest mean milk production (p < 0.01). In conclusion, goji berry influenced reproductive and productive performance, probably via modulating hormonal patterns and milk production in rabbits. However, further studies are needed to validate these preliminary results