Developmental expression of p97/VCP (Valosin-containing protein) and Jab1/CSN5 in the rat testis and epididymis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a key player in regulating many cellular processes via proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Recently published data show that Jab1/CSN5 interacts with p97/VCP and controls the ubiquitination status of proteins bound to p97/VCP in mouse and human cells. However, coexpression of p97/VCP and Jab1/CSN5 in the developing rat testis and epididymis has not previously been studied.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Testicular and epididymal tissues from 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-day-old rats were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Colocalisation of proteins was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the 5-day-old rat testis, p97/VCP and Jab1/CSN5 were specifically expressed in gonocytes. The expression of p97/VCP and Jab1/CSN5 significantly increased at day 15 and was found in spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and spermatocytes. In 30- and 60-day-old rat testes, p97/VCP indicated moderate to strong expression in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, round and elongating spermatids. However, moderate to weak expression was observed in spermatocytes. Jab1/CSN5 showed strong expression in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, while relatively moderate expression was observed in round and elongating spermatids in 30- and 60-day-old rat testes. In contrast, in the epididymis, the expression of both proteins gradually increased from 5 to 60 days of age. After rats reached 2 weeks of age, the expression of both proteins was mostly restricted to the basal and principal cells of the caput epididymis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study suggests that p97/VCP and Jab1/CSN5 could be an important part of the UPS in the developing rat testis and epididymis and that both proteins may be involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis and epididymal epithelial functions.</p

Role of an endothelin type A receptor antagonist in regulating torsion-induced testicular apoptosis in rats

Testicular torsion is a well-known medical emergency that can lead to pathological changes in the testicular tissues and male infertility. This investigation was undertaken to gain insight into the effects of an endothelin type A receptor antagonist (BQ123) on torsion-induced germ cell loss. Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. In group I (control group), a sham operation to the left testis was performed. In group II (I/R injury), I/R injury was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a clockwise direction for 2 h and detorsing the testis after 2 h. In group III (I/R injury+BQ123), the rats were subjected to I/R injury and BQ123 injection (1 mg/kg, intravenous). In group IV (control+BQ123), the sham operated rats were subjected to BQ123. The testes of the rats were removed in all groups. Torsion-induced apoptosis and the effects of BQ123 were examined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labelling (TUNEL) technique, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. In group II, the number of TUNEL-positive cells increased after testicular torsion. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting showed that apoptotic proteins (active caspase 3 and Bax) were upregulated, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 was downregulated in I/R injury. The administration of BQ123 caused a significant decrease in the number of apoptotic cells and the expression of apoptotic proteins (p<0.05) when compared with the I/R injury group. No significant effect of BQ123 was observed in the testicular cells of group IV. This animal study provides evidence of the regulatory effects of BQ123 on torsion-induced testicular apoptosis

Distribution of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases- 2 in nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis

Summary. Nasal polyposis (NP), a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airway, is a subgroup of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are considered to play important roles in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8 and TIMP-2 in NP and CRS with normal nasal mucosa by using immunohistochemistry. Twenty-five patients with NP and fifteen patients with CRS underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. Diseased mucosal samples were obtained from ethmoidal sinuses. Control nasal mucosa (n=10) was obtained from inferior nasal turbinate. Immunohistochemistry for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8 and TIMP-2 was performed. The expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-8 significantly increased in NP and CRS compared with control (p<0.05). The distribution of TIMP-2 was higher in CRS than control and NP respectively (p<0.05). MMP-1 immunoreactivity was distributed in the extracellular matrix whereas MMP-2, MMP-8 and TIMP-2 immunostaining was present in the epithelium, submucosal glands, vascular endothelium and inflammatory cells in CRS and NP. We suggest that differences in histological features between CRS and NP might be related to the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8 and their tissue inhibitor-2

Biochemical markers of sperm function: male fertility and sperm selection for ICSI

Ovaj rad biti će podijeljen na dio o content marketing-u, društvenim mrežama kao glavnoj platformi za reproduciranje sadržaja i influencer marketing-u. Najprije će biti definiran pojam marketinga sadržaja odnosno content marketing-a, koje pozitivne strane on ima za poduzeća i klijente te nekolicinu onih negativnih. Također, biti će prikazan proces nastanka sadržaja u marketingu, kako se on kreira, reproducira te kako se mjere učinci i utjecaj samog na dobit poduzeća. S obzirom da je najzastupljeniji kanal za plasiranje sadržaja onaj putem društvenih mreža, detaljnije će biti opisane društvene mreže te vrste društvenih mreža. Nadalje, biti će navedeni i uspješni primjeri iz prakse te na koji način su uklopili marketing sadržaja u svoje objave na društvenim mrežama. I na kraju, biti će definiran influencer marketing, kako je postao unosan posao za sve koji se njime žele baviti i biti kreatori sadržaja. I u ovom dijelu biti će opisan nastanak sadržaja na određenim društvenim mrežama i njegovo mjerenje i analiza učinaka.This research paper will be divided into a section on content marketing, a section on social networks as the main platform for content reproduction and influencer marketing. First, the concept of content marketing will be defined, which are the positive sides for companies and clients and which are the negative ones. Also, the process of creating content in marketing will be presented, how it is created, reproduced, and how the effects and impact of it are measured on companies’ profit. Since the most widely used channel for content marketing is through social networks, the social networks and types of social networks will be described in more detail. Additionally, successful examples of practice will be listed and how they incorporated marketing content into their social networking. And finally, the term influencer marketing will be defined, as it has become a lucrative job for everyone who wants to pursue career in it and be a content creator. And in this section the emergence of content on certain social networks will be described as well as its measurement and analysis of effects. To sum up, a conclusion was made about the continued development of content marketing and that of influential people and the assumption on how it will be further developed