Coi nostri strumenti: la tradizione delle Quattro Province dall'artigianato alla festa

Based on both original accounts and published documents, this work describes the musical tradition still flourishing in the Four Provinces Apennines, the mountain region between Genua and Oltrepò. Among its peculiar features are the piffero, a folk oboe constructed and played on the ground, the musa, a bagpipe that accompanied it in the past, and the accordion, that replaced the musa in the first half of the 20th Century. The origins of instruments and customs have to be related to materials used by rural culture and to commercial contacts conveyed by mule caravans, which traversed these mountains and connected them, especially since the Late Middle Ages, to Genua harbour and the Orient on one side and to French and Flemish fairs on the other side. For the last centuries we know about a school of piffero masters who have trasmitted their art orally until contemporary players. They still lead the village feasts in the high valleys, which express a sound sociality as well as the traditional practice of old songs - bujascas, stranots... - and dances - piana, alessandrina, monferrina, giga a due, giga a quattro, povera donna, perigordino, skipping polka, mazurka, waltz... The unexpected richness of such cultural and human heritage leads both to carry it out and to wonder about its roles in our globalized world looking for new identities.Basandosi sia su testimonianze originali sia sui documenti già pubblicati, questo testo illustra la tradizione musicale tuttora viva nell'Appennino delle Quattro Province, il territorio montano compreso fra Genova e l'Oltrepò. Suoi elementi peculiari sono il piffero, un oboe popolare costruito e praticato sul posto, la musa, cornamusa che in passato lo accompagnava, e la fisarmonica, che ha sostituito la musa dalla prima metà del Novecento. Le origini di strumenti e usi sono da riconnettere ai materiali impiegati dalla cultura contadina e ai contatti commerciali veicolati dalle carovane di muli che percorrevano questi monti collegandoli, in particolare dal Basso Medioevo, da un lato al porto di Genova e all'Oriente e dall'altro alle fiere francesi e fiamminghe. Per gli ultimi secoli abbiamo notizia di una scuola di maestri pifferai che hanno trasmesso oralmente la loro arte fino ai suonatori contemporanei. Costoro guidano tuttora le feste dei paesi delle alte valli, nelle quali si esprimono una sana socialità e la pratica tradizionale degli antichi canti - bujasche, stranot... - e danze - piana, alessandrina, monferrina, giga a due, giga a quattro, povera donna, perigordino, polca a saltini, mazurca, valzer... L'insospettata ricchezza di questo patrimonio culturale e umano induce tanto a praticarlo quanto a interrogarsi sui suoi ruoli nel mondo globalizzato in cerca di nuove identità.Basée à la fois sur des témoignages originaux et sur des documents édités, cette oeuvre traite de la tradition musicale toujours vivante dans l'Apennin des Quatre Provinces, pays montagneux situé entre Gênes et l'Oltrepò. Parmi ses composantes spécifiques se trouvent: le piffero, un hautbois populaire confectionné sur place ; la musa, cornemuse qui autrefois accompagnait le piffero et l'accordéon qui remplaça cette dernière dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle. Les origines et usages de ces instruments sont à mettre en relation d'une part avec les matériaux employés par la culture paysanne et d'autre part avec les contacts commerciaux permis par les caravanes de mulets qui parcouraient ces montagnes (particulièrement dès le Moyen-Age central) en les reliant au port de Gênes et à l'Orient d'un côté et aux foires françaises et flamandes de l'autre. En ce qui concerne les derniers siècles nous avons connaissance d'une école de maîtres pifferistes qui ont transmis oralement leur art jusqu'aux musiciens contemporains. Ceux-ci guident toujours les fêtes de village dans les parties les plus hautes des vallées où s'exprime une socialisation équilibrée et se pratiquent, traditionnellement, des anciens chants - bujascas, stranots... et des danses - piana, alessandrina, monferrina, giga à deux, giga à quatre, povera donna, perigordino, polka sautillée, mazurka, valse... La richesse insoupçonnée de ce patrimoine culturel et humain conduit tant à le pratiquer qu'à s'interroger sur ses rôles dans un monde globalisé en quête d'identités nouvelles

Alternative concept of an efficient negative ion source for neutral beams

Negative ion sources are a key component of neutral beam injection systems, which are used in fusion experiments to raise the plasma parameters to start ignition. A novel concept for a negative ion source based on existing well tested Hall thrusters (HT) is presented. The thruster scheme is modified in order to maximize the hydrogen dissociation so as to produce an atom flux at an energy optimized to maximize the yield of negative ions when impinging on a low work function surface. The novel concept can in principle offer several advantages, for instance a limited amount of co-extracted electrons, a more uniform generation of negative ions and a lower rate of destruction of negative ions. In this contribution, numerical simulations aimed to identify the optimum geometry, magnetic field map and operational parameters of the source are presented discussing the effect of the HT working point on the dissociation rate

Zagabria prima di nove tendencije: fonti visive e testuali per l’aggiornamento degli artisti croati sulle pagine della rivista 71 “Čovjek i Prostor” (1954-1961)

Nell’agosto del 1961, a Zagabria per la mostra nove tendencije, si riunì un gruppo di artisti, provenienti da diverse aree culturali: italiana, francese e tedesca. Le neoavanguardie così costituitesi erano maturate nello stesso ambiente culturale, quello della rivista “Čovjek i Prostor” (Uomo e spazio), che era stato un laboratorio anche per l’attività critica di Vera Horvat Pintarić (1926) e principalmente di Matko Meštrović (1933) e Radoslav Putar (1929-1994). Osservando i nuovi fermenti artistici di ambito italiano, francese e tedesco, questi ultimi due studiosi contribuirono, ognuno con un peso diverso, a elaborare l’ideologia originaria della manifestazione internazionale di nove tendencije

Beam Dynamics Simulation and Measurements for the IFMIF/EVEDA Project

International audienceIn the framework of IFMIF/EVEDA project the source and RFQ are ready to be tested with beam. In this article the beam dynamics simulation and the measurement performed in preparation of the first beam injection are presented. The installed line is composed by the proton and deuteron Source with the LEBT composed of two solenoids that inject in the 10 meters long RFQ, the MEBT, diagnostic plate and the beam dump. The line is prepared to be tested with protons of 8 mA in pulsed mode (up to 0.1%)

Effects of pre‐operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05-1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4-7 days or >= 8 days of 1.25 (1.04-1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11-1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care