Exhibition Review: The Fallen Woman

The Foundling Museum’s recent small exhibition ‘The Fallen Woman’ forms a salutary contrast with the considerably larger show ‘Splendour and Misery: Pictures of Prostitution, 1850-1910’ at the Musée d’Orsay, Paris (22 September 2015–17 January 2016). The Paris show, dedicated to the depiction of the ‘realities and fantasies’ of female prostitution–male prostitution, a thriving concern in this era, being singularly absent–lent heavily on the ‘fantasies’, serving up the masculine objectificatio..

Review: Walter Pater, The Collected Works of Walter Pater Vol. IV: Gaston de Latour, ed. by Gerald Monsman (Oxford University Press, 2019)

Gerald Monsman’s edition (2019) of Pater’s final and unfinished novel Gaston de Latour is one of the initial two volumes (the other being Lene Østermark-Johansen’s edition of Imaginary Portraits) to be published in the new Oxford University Press Collected Works of Walter Pater, with Lesley Higgins and David Latham as General Editors. Along with Marius the Epicurean (1885), Pater’s earlier novel of first-century Rome, Gaston de Latour was apparently intended to be part of a projected trilogy with each novel located in a different historical era. Gaston is set in sixteenth-century France in the years after the Reformation, and its eponymous hero is an observer whose meditative consciousness soaks up the religious, intellectual, moral, and aesthetic atmosphere of his age. He comes into contact with many of the period’s significant figures: Pierre de Ronsard, leader of the Pléiade school of poetry, the philosopher and essayist Michel de Montaigne, the Italian Dominican friar and thinker Giordano Bruno, Queen Marguerite, wife of Henry of Navarre III (later Henry IV of France), and Henry himself

Syntheses of Seven-Membered Ring Compounds

Part I: Attempts were made to synthesise the unknown heterocyclic compound, benz-l-oxepin. Two separate voutes were investigated one involving the use of homochroman-3-one, the other, the use of the isomeric homochroman-5-one, both of which were reducible-to the known homochroman. Homochroman-3-one was prepared by Dieckmann cyclisation of the dimethyl ester of dihydro-o-coumaroxyacetic acid, followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the resultant B-keto-ester. The ketone was converted into the corresponding alphabeta-unsaturated compound which, on spectral evidence, failed to show any enolisation in basic solution. Homochroman-5-one, obtained by cyclisation of g-phenoxybutyric. acid, was treated in a number of ways in an attempt to insert the required double bonds. Work on the olefin, 2:3-dihydro-benz-1-oxepin failed to give the completely unsaturated system required. Both routes were characterised by the large number of by-products obtained at each stage and by the instability of intermediates and these factors almost certainly contributed to the lack of success

Drinking patterns among Korean adults: results of the 2009 Korean community health survey.

ObjectivesIn Korea, the proportion of deaths due to alcohol is estimated at 8.9%, far exceeding the global estimate of 3.8%. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the factors associated with low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk drinking patterns in Korean adults and to identify target populations for prevention and control of alcohol-related diseases and deaths.MethodsWe analyzed data from 230 715 Korean adults aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between socio-demographic and health-related factors and patterns of alcohol use.ResultsA substantially larger proportion of men than women engaged in high risk (21.2% vs. 3.4%) and moderate-risk alcohol use (15.5% vs. 8.2%). In both sexes, moderate- and high-risk uses were associated with younger age, higher income, being currently employed, smoking, being overweight/obese, and good self-rated health.ConclusionsGiven the large proportion of the population that is engaging in moderate- and high-risk drinking and given the social norms that support this behavior, public health policies and campaigns to reduce alcohol consumption targeting the entire population are indicated

Aspects of multi-party unjustified enrichment in South African law : a comparison with German law

Includes bibliographical references.In this thesis, aspects of the South African law of multi-party enrichment are compared with the equivalent rules of German law. Against the background of a general comparison of the German and South African law of unjustified enrichment, the following sets of factual circumstances are examined in detail: performance of the obligation of another; performance in accordance with an instruction; and performance in response to a cession. Rather than following a conventional comparative approach (viz where a chapter is devoted to each of the legal systems under consideration, and then comparisons are made in a final, analytical chapter), this thesis is structured as follows: each chapter begins with a comparative treatment of the legal context in which such situations arise. Then various factual permutations are treated, taking into account the German and South African approaches to such practical situations and the underlying policy factors that influence the law. On the basis of this critical evaluation, recommendations are made for the development of South African law

Post Hoc Analysis on the Effect of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention Provided to Preschool Children on the Autism Spectrum

Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) provides a framework for educators to assist children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to increase independence and positive social skills in the classroom (Reichow, 2012). Preschoolers with ASD who do not have access to programs tend to display negative and socially inappropriate behavior, such as acts of aggression, withdrawal, and inability to attend to lessons. Studies on program effectiveness documented that preschool children who received EIBI scored higher on IQ, language comprehension, imitation, expressive language, nonverbal communication, play, stereotyped behaviors and adaptive functioning compared to preschool children who do not receive EIBI. The literature revealed that children with ASD who received EIBI maintained successful relationships with peers through joint attention, displayed increased use of appropriate language, and demonstrated an interest in participating in group classroom activities (Barber, Saffo, Gilpin, Craft, & Goldsetin, 2015). The purpose of the study was to evaluate student development on language, behavior, and peer relationships by analyzing pre- and post- assessments gathered over a three-year period. The study included data collected on a child in a general education non-profit preschool setting. The study was evaluative in nature and documented student progress toward behavior improvement as part of the agency’s evaluation policy results indicated that EIBI contributed to increasing the child’s socially appropriate behavior, language development, and peer interaction. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) Effects of Early Intervention for Children With AS

Analysis of Data on the Effect of Early Intervention for Children on the Autism Spectrum

Early Intervention promotes preschool age children, identified on the autism spectrum, with increased independence and positive social skills in the classroom. Preschool children who do not have access to such programs tend to display negative and socially inappropriate behavior, such as acts of aggression, withdrawal, and inability to attend to lessons. Lovaas as cited in Eikeseth and Smith (2011) is referred to as the pioneer of Early Intervention, who dedicated almost fifty years of his life to improving the lives of families among the autism community. Lovaas’ studies were the first documented to indicate that children who received early intensive intervention made dramatic gains in development (Eikeseth & Smith, 2011). Studies on program effectiveness documented that preschool-age children who received Early Intervention scored higher on IQ, language comprehension, imitation, expressive language, nonverbal communication, play, stereotyped behaviors and adaptive functioning compared to children who did not receive Early Intervention (Eikeseth, et. al, 2012). The literature reveals that children who receive Early Intervention maintain successful relationships with peers through joint-attention, display increased use of appropriate language, as well as demonstrate an interest in participating in group classroom activities (Eldevik, et. al, 2012). The purpose of the study is to analyze data on children who receive Early Intervention and children who do not receive Early Intervention with a focus on the factors of independence and positive social skills. Eikeseth, S., Klintwall, L., Jahr, E., & Karlsson, P. (2012). Outcome for children with autism receiving early and intensive behavioral intervention in mainstream preschool and kindergarten settings. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 829-835. Eldevik, S., Hastings, R., Jahr, E., & Hughes, J. (2012). Outcomes of behavioral intervention for children with autism in mainstream pre-school settings. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 42(2), 210-220. Smith, T., & Eikeseth, S. (2011). O. Ivar Lovaas: Pioneer of applied behavior analysis and intervention for children with autism.Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 375-378

Reexamining What We Stand to Lose: A Look at Reinitiated Consultation Under the Endangered Species Act

This article first examines the role reinitiated consultation plays within Congress\u27s statutory framework and concludes that in many ways, reinitiated consultation is the glue that holds the Endangered Species Act\u27s protective scheme together. While the ESA generally prohibits any injury to an endangered species, Congress has authorized the Service to permit such injuries under certain circumstances. But these authorizations must be accompanied by a limit that will trigger reinitiated consultation if exceeded. Thus, without reinitiated consultation, these preauthorized injuries or “takes” would prove gaping leaks in Congress\u27s “Ark,” leaving little or no safety for endangered species. Moreover, reinitiated consultation has significant real world consequences for federal agencies and private parties. Failure to reinitiate consultation when legally required can subject the agency and its employees, as well as private parties, to civil and even criminal liability. Next, this article explores the legal basis for reinitiated consultation. Despite its central role, Congress never provided for reinitiated consultation within the Act itself. While the Service has acknowledged this silence, the courts generally do not raise this question of statutory authority. In light of the ambiguities within the ESA and Congress\u27s clear direction in the legislative history of the Act that it intended for agencies to reinitiate consultation, this article concludes that the practice is legally supportable. Finally, given the significance of reinitiated consultation, and the likelihood that it is here to stay, this article then explores how courts have reviewed suits concerning reinitiated consultation. This discussion highlights potential challenges and best practices for federal agencies and permittees. This article concludes that, with few exceptions, courts have taken a surprisingly deferential approach to reviewing agency decisions to reinitiate, or more commonly not reinitiate, consultation. For example, courts have allowed agencies to expand a project\u27s scope, duration, or impact on listed species or to recalculate how to measure the impacts altogether without requiring reinitiated consultation. Nonetheless, courts have taken a much stricter approach when considering the triggers for reinitiated consultation and have frequently insisted that those triggers be as meaningful and as exact as possible. However, before discussing reinitiated consultation in detail, this article provides some additional background on the ESA in general and reinitiated consultation in particular. To understand the purpose and effect of reinitiated consultation, one must first understand several key ESA provisions - namely, the ESA\u27s listing, liability, and consultation provisions