L’affectation de la richesse créée : un des facteurs explicatifs du différentiel de compétitivité entre entreprises françaises et entreprises allemandes cotées

Cet article met en évidence le poids d’une combinaison de facteurs juridiques, culturels et comportementaux pour expliquer le différentiel de compétitivité des sociétés cotées en France et en Allemagne, à partir d’une comparaison des pratiques et d’une analyse complémentaire de cas symptomatiques. Les données empiriques montrent une radicale différence dans les structures et les pratiques de répartition de la richesse créée dans les entreprises cotées. En France, on enrichirait d’abord l’actionnaire, puis on affecterait à l’entreprise. En Allemagne, on mettrait d’abord en réserve pour investir, et on distribuerait aux actionnaires ensuite. Analysant les données et pratiques des sociétés cotées sur les indices SBF 120 et DAX 100, l’article montre que les effets de ces deux hiérarchisations sur le différentiel de compétitivité des entreprises sont durables.This paper emphasizes a combination of legal, cultural, and behavioral factors in order to explain the competitiveness gap between French and German listed companies. We compare practices and study symptomatic cases. Empirical data show sharp differences in structures and the practices for spreading wealth within listed companies. In France, it is only after profits are distributed to shareholders that the company is considered; in Germany, profits are put aside before being distributed to shareholders. By analyzing the data and practices of companies listed on the SBF 120 and DAX 100 indexes, we conclude in this paper that these different practices have a sustained effect on the competitiveness gap

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Analysis of Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Networks during Acute, Relapsing, and Quiescent Stages of Macular Toxoplasma Retinochoroiditis

Purpose. To highlight the advantages of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in delineating the morphological features of the retinal and choroidal vascular network during acute, relapsing, and quiescent stages of macular toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Methods. This prospective study included patients presenting with both active and quiescent ocular toxoplasmoses. OCTA was obtained to diagnose and follow the subsequent vascular network changes at diagnosis and six months after acute presentation. Results. Twenty-three eyes of 23 patients were included. In active lesions, OCTA showed extensive, well-delineated areas of intense hyposignal and perifoveal capillary arcade disruption in the parafoveal superficial capillary plexus (pSCP) and less extensive hyposignal in the parafoveal deep capillary plexus (pDCP). Signals of decreased deep capillary density and disorganization were also seen in the choroid. In nonactive lesions, OCTA demonstrated a homogenous and equally attenuated grayish hyposignal of the pSCP and pDCP and a partial restoration of the nonperfused choroidal areas. Conclusion. OCTA is a useful technique for vascular network analysis in toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. It allows the visualization of the different network changes and behaviors during the different stages of the infection

Self assembly of HIV-1 Gag protein on lipid membranes generates PI(4,5)P2/Cholesterol nanoclusters

International audienceThe self-assembly of HIV-1 Gag polyprotein at the inner leaflet of the cell host plasma membrane is the key orchestrator of virus assembly. The binding between Gag and the plasma membrane is mediated by specific interaction of the Gag matrix domain and the PI(4,5)P2 lipid (PIP2). It is unknown whether this interaction could lead to local reorganization of the plasma membrane lipids. In this study, using model membranes, we examined the ability of Gag to segregate specific lipids upon self-assembly. We show for the first time that Gag self-assembly is responsible for the formation of PIP2 lipid nanoclusters, enriched in cholesterol but not in sphingomyelin. We also show that Gag mainly partition into liquid-disordered domains of these lipid membranes. Our work strongly suggests that, instead of targeting pre-existing plasma membrane lipid domains, Gag is more prone to generate PIP2/Cholesterol lipid nanodomains at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane during early events of virus assembly

Cold Vibration (Buzzy) Versus Anesthetic Patch (EMLA) for Pain Prevention During Cannulation in Children

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Atypical Foveal Hypoplasia in Best Disease

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of foveal hypoplasia (also called fovea plana) in patients with Best disease using spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCT-A). Design: A retrospective observational study including patients diagnosed with Best disease. Subjects and Participants: Fifty-nine eyes of thirty-two patients (fifteen females (46.9%) and seventeen males (53.1%), p = 0.9) diagnosed with Best disease were included. Patients’ eyes were categorized into two groups: Eyes with a fovea plana appearance (‘FP group’) and eyes without fovea plana appearance (‘no FP group’), based on the foveal appearance on B-scan SD-OCT. Methods and Main Outcome Measures: Cross-sectional OCT images were assessed for the persistence of inner retinal layers (IRL) and OCT-A was analyzed for the presence of a foveal avascular zone (FAZ), the size of which was determined when applicable. Results: Overall, 16 eyes (27.1%) of 9 patients had a fovea plana appearance (‘FP group’) with the persistence of IRL, and 43 eyes (72.9%) of 23 patients did not have fovea plana appearance (‘no FP group’). Among FP eyes, OCT-A performed in 13 eyes showed bridging vessels through the FAZ in 100% of eyes with OCT-A. Using Thomas classification, 14 out of the 16 eyes with fovea plana (87.5%) had atypical foveal hypoplasia, and the 2 others (12.5%) had a grade 1b fovea plana. Conclusion: In our series, foveal hypoplasia was present in 27.1% of patients with Best disease. OCT-A showed bridging vessels through the FAZ in all eyes. These findings highlight the microvascular changes associated with Best disease, which can be an early sign of the disease in patients with a family history

COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTON BEAM VERSUS PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY TO SPARE THE VISION IN CIRCUMSCRIBED CHOROIDAL HEMANGIOMA

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