Association between periodontal disease and endothelial dysfunction in smoking patients

Q329-35Over the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in the impact of oral health on cardiovascular disease, particularly regarding the effects of chronic infections such as periodontitis on the endothelium. The aim of this study was to evaluate in healthy smokers whether there are any significant differences in the frequency of endothelial dysfunction between subjects with chronic moderate to severe periodontal disease and periodontally healthy subjects. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted. The target population was adults older than 40 years of age. Blood tests were performed to determine values of CBC, glycaemia, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDLC. Periodontal examinations and probing were conducted with a Florida Probe®, and standardized procedures were used to measure flow-mediated dilation. Out of 150 subjects [69 male (46%) and 81 female (54%)], 75 (50%) had chronic periodontitis. The mean value for baseline flow-mediated dilation was 4.04% and the mean value for final flow-mediated dilation was 4.66%, with a 0.62% mean difference showing a statistically significant increase (p<0.001).This study found no significant difference in the flow-mediated dilation values between periodontally healthy subjects and those with periodontitis, in contrast to the literature, which suggests a negative impact of periodontal disease on endothelial function

Relação entre a proteína C ultrarreativa, diabetes e doença periodontal em pacientes com ou sem infarto do miocárdio

Artículo original362-368Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of diabetes and periodontal disease in us-CRP, an inflammatory marker in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Subjects and methods: A case-control study was conducted in 401 subjects aged between 30 and 75 years, living in Bogotá D.C. (Colombia). Patients arriving at the emergency room of the San Ignacio University Hospital with AMI were included into the case group. The control group was defined as those subjects without AMI. The following blood tests were performed: complete blood count (CBC), glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, cHDL, cLDL, and us-CRP. Patients with infections or antibiotic treatment within the last three months, who had received periodontal treatment within the six months prior to the study entry, had oral ulcerations, or less than seven teeth were excluded from the study. Periodontal disease was diagnosed based on the 1999 Armitage’s classification. Results: The mean us-CRP value found in diabetic patients with severe chronic periodontitis was 5.31 mg/L (SD 6.82), and 2.38 mg/L (SD 4.42) in non-diabetic patients, being statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Diabetes had an impact in periodontal disease and us-CRP. In patients with AMI, DM and PD considerably increased the us-CRP

Relation between ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, diabetes and periodontal disease in patients with and without myocardial infarction Relação entre a proteína C ultrarreativa, diabetes e doença periodontal em pacientes com ou sem infarto do miocárdio

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of diabetes and periodontal disease in us-CRP, an inflammatory marker in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Subjects and methods: A case-control study was conducted in 401 subjects aged between 30 and 75 years, living in Bogotá D.C. (Colombia). Patients arriving at the emergency room of the San Ignacio University Hospital with AMI were included into the case group. The control group was defined as those subjects without AMI. The following blood tests were performed: complete blood count (CBC), glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, cHDL, cLDL, and us-CRP. Patients with infections or antibiotic treatment within the last three months, who had received periodontal treatment within the six months prior to the study entry, had oral ulcerations, or less than seven teeth were excluded from the study. Periodontal disease was diagnosed based on the 1999 Armitage&apos;s classification. Results: The mean us-CRP value found in diabetic patients with severe chronic periodontitis was 5.31 mg/L (SD 6.82), and 2.38 mg/L (SD 4.42) in non-diabetic patients, being statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Diabetes had an impact in periodontal disease and us-CRP. In patients with AMI, DM and PD considerably increased the us-CRP. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(4):362-8 Keywords Diabetes mellitus; periodontal disease; cardiovascular disease; inflammation; C-reactive protein RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do diabetes e da doença periodontal na us-CRP, um marcador inflamatório em pacientes com ou sem infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Sujeitos e métodos: Um estudo caso-controle foi conduzido em 401 sujeitos com idades entre 30 e 75 anos que moravam em Bogotá D.C. (Colômbia). Os pacientes que chegavam ao pronto--socorro do hospital universitário de San Ignacio com IAM foram incluídos no grupo caso. O grupo controle foi definido por sujeitos sem IAM. Foram feitos os seguintes exames de sangue: contagem total de eritrócitos (CTE), glicemia, colesterol total, triglicérides, cHDL, cLDL e us-CRP. Os pacientes com infecções ou em tratamento com antibióticos nos últimos três meses, que receberam tratamentos periodontal nos seis meses anteriores ao estudo, tinham úlceras orais ou menos de sete dentes foram excluídos do estudo. A classificação de Armitage de 1999 foi usada para definir a doença periodontal. Resultados: O valor médio de us-CRP observados em pacientes diabéticos com periodontite crônica grave foi 5,31 mg/L (SD 6,82) e 2,38 mg/L (SD 4,42) em pacientes não diabéticos, um valor estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,000). Conclusão: O diabetes tem um impacto na doença periodontal e na us-CRP. Em pacientes com IAM, DM e DP, a us-CRP foi consideravelmente mais alta. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(4):362-8 Descritores Diabete

Comparison of Values of C-Reactive Protein in Edentulous Patients and Patients with Chronic Moderate-to-Advanced Periodontal Disease at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Dental School in Bogotá

Antecedentes: La enfermedad periodontal (EP) es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar enfermedadescardiovasculares. Puede influir e iniciar una reacción autoinmune, aumentandola inflamación sistémica y acelerando la progresión de placas ateroescleróticas prexistentes.Ante inflamación aumenta la concentración de proteína C-reactiva (medida por PCR-us),que está relacionada con ateroesclerosis y riesgo cardiovascular. Se ha encontrado queel valor de PCR-us es significativamente mayor en pacientes con periodontitis. Objetivo:Determinar si existen diferencias significativas en los valores de PCR-us de pacientes conEP crónica entre moderada y avanzada no tratada y pacientes edéntulos totales comomarcador de ausencia de EP. Métodos: El diseño fue de casos y controles con una muestrade 60 pacientes mayores de 30 años de edad (30 casos con periodontitis crónica moderadaa avanzada y 30 controles edéntulos totales). Se tomó una muestra de sangre a todos lospacientes (cuadro hemático, colesterol, triglicéridos, glucemia, PCR-us) y se analizaron loshallazgos. Resultados: El promedio de PCR-us en los pacientes con periodontitis fue 2,19mg/L, y en los pacientes edéntulos, de 4,12 mg/L. Existe una tendencia a hallar valoresde PCR-us más elevados en pacientes edéntulos, al considerar que se encontró mayorexposición al riesgo en los pacientes con periodontitis. Los resultados no fueron estadísticamentesignificativos. Conclusión: La PCR-us se presentó más aumentada en los pacientesedéntulos totales y los valores de PCR-us en pacientes con periodontitis no se observaroncomo un factor de riesgo elevado para enfermedad cardiovascular. Background: Periodontal disease (PD) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It caninitiate an autoimmune reaction, increase systemic inflammation, and accelerate the progressionof preexisting atherosclerotic plaques. In presence of inflammation, PD increasesthe concentration of C-reactive protein (measured through hs-CRP) that is associated withatherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. It has been found that the value of hs-CRP is significantlyhigher in patients with periodontitis. Objective: Determine if there are significantdifferences in the values of hs-CRP among patients with untreated moderate-to-advancedchronic PD and edentulous patients (marker of absence of PE). Methods: A case-controlstudy was carried out with a sample of 60 patients older than 30 years of age (30 cases withmoderate-to-advanced chronic periodontitis diagnosed and 30 edentulous controls). Bloodsamples were taken from all patients (complete blood count, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose,hs-CRP) and the results were compared. Results: The average hs-CRP in patients withperiodontitis was 2.19 mg/L and 4.12 mg/L in edentulous patients. There is a tendency tofind values higher of hs-CRP in edentulous patients, given that there was higher exposure inpatients with periodontitis. The results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: hs-CRPwas higher in edentulous patients and hs-CRP values in patients with periodontitis were notseen as a high risk factor for cardiovascular disease.95-10

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea can favor the predisposing factors of periodontitis by the presence of P. melaninogenica and C. albicans, increasing the severity of the periodontal disease

Q2Q2Pacientes con PeriodontitisPacientes con Apnea obstructiva del sueñoObjective: The aim of this study was to analyze the cultivable oral microbiota of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its association with the periodontal condition. Methods: The epidemiology profile of patients and their clinical oral characteristics were determined. The microbiota was collected from saliva, subgingival plaque, and gingival sulcus of 93 patients classified into four groups according to the periodontal and clinical diagnosis: Group 1 (n = 25), healthy patients; Group 2 (n = 17), patients with periodontitis and without OSA; Group 3 (n = 19), patients with OSA and without periodontitis; and Group 4 (n = 32), patients with periodontitis and OSA. Microbiological samples were cultured, classified, characterized macroscopically and microscopically, and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. The distribution of complexes and categories of microorganisms and correlations were established for inter- and intra-group of patients and statistically evaluated using the Spearman r test (p-value <0.5) and a multidimensional grouping analysis. Result: There was no evidence between the severity of OSA and periodontitis (p = 0.2813). However, there is a relationship between the stage of periodontitis and OSA (p = 0.0157), with stage III periodontitis being the one with the highest presence in patients with severe OSA (prevalence of 75%; p = 0.0157), with more cases in men. The greatest distribution of the complexes and categories was found in oral samples of patients with periodontitis and OSA (Group 4 P-OSA); even Candida spp. were more prevalent in these patients. Periodontitis and OSA are associated with comorbidities and oral conditions, and the microorganisms of the orange and red complexes participate in this association. The formation of the dysbiotic biofilm was mainly related to the presence of these complexes in association with Candida spp. Conclusion: Periodontopathogenic bacteria of the orange complex, such as Prevotella melaninogenica, and the yeast Candida albicans, altered the cultivable oral microbiota of patients with periodontitis and OSA in terms of diversity, possibly increasing the severity of periodontal disease. The link between yeasts and periodontopathogenic bacteria could help explain why people with severe OSA have such a high risk of stage III periodontitis. Antimicrobial approaches for treating periodontitis in individuals with OSA could be investigated in vitro using polymicrobial biofilms, according to our findings.https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-7822https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-9632https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-1935https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1011-4450https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-4719https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-9341https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9884-9242https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-9141https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1302-5429Revista Internacional - IndexadaA1N

As práticas sociais a partir do Curso de Odontologia

Los cambios generados en el sistema de salud en Colombia, como el relieve puesto especial en el trabajo colectivo, han evidenciado la necesidad de formar profesionales capaces de trabajar en ámbitos diferentes al clínico. De igual manera, la concepción de salud ha ampliado su marco a situaciones más integrales, donde la comprensión del concepto se construye a partir de modelos que integren lo biológico, lo mental y lo social. Lo anterior se relaciona con la responsabilidad social, la cual, desde el contexto universitario, se refiere a la habilidad de la universidad para responder a las necesidades de trasnformación de la sociedad donde está inmersa, mediante el ejercicio de sus funciones sustantivas: docencia, investigación y extensión. Mediante la función de extensión, y con base en el perfil profesional que necesita la sociedad para mejorar la salud de la población colombiana, la Facultad de Odontología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, después de una reflexión curricular, ha generado espacios de práctica social que le permiten al estudiante acercarse a la situación actual del país, hacer una lectura de la realidad y de las necesidades de la población, para construir y fomentar conjuntamente estrategias promocionales de calidad de vida y salud, para la búsqueda del bienestar en la población, lo cual le permitirá desempeñarse en el trabajo comunitario y comprender que las acciones en salud deben estar articuladas con sectores públicos, políticos, comunitarios y colectivos. ABSTRACTThe changes generated in the Health System of Colombia, such as the special emphasis in collective work, have set an evident necessity for capable professionals to work in different environments to the clinician. Either way, the health concept has broadened its frame, to ones much more integral, where the comprehension of a concept is built from models that integrate the biological, the mental and the social. For this reason, it is very important to create from within the university, spaces that allow the student to interact with the community. What is mentioned above is related to the Social Responsibility, which from a university context, is referred to as the ability of the university to respond to the needs of the society's transformation where it is immersed, through the practice of its original functions: teaching, investigation and extension. Through the extension function, and with a base in the professional profile that the society needs to improve the health of the Colombian population, the School of Dentistry of the Pontificia Javeriana University, after a curricular reflection, has generated spaces for the Social Practice. This allows the student to approach the current situation of the country, and do a reading of the reality and needs of the population, to construct and promote promotional strategies in terms of quality of life and health, for the search of the population's well being. This will allow in the future, work in the community service and the comprehension that the actions in health, must be coupled with public, political, community and collective sectors.The changes generated in the Health System of Colombia, such as the special emphasis in collective work, have set an evident necessity for capable professionals to work in different environments to the clinician. Either way, the health concept has broadened its frame, to ones much more integral, where the comprehension of a concept is built from models that integrate the biological, the mental and the social. For this reason, it is very important to create from within the university, spaces that allow the student to interact with the community. What is mentioned above is related to the Social Responsibility, which from a university context, is referred to as the ability of the university to respond to the needs of the society's transformation where it is immersed, through the practice of its original functions: teaching, investigation and extension. Through the extension function, and with a base in the professional profile that the society needs to improve the health of the Colombian population, the School of Dentistry of the Pontificia Javeriana University, after a curricular reflection, has generated spaces for the Social Practice. This allows the student to approach the current situation of the country, and do a reading of the reality and needs of the population, to construct and promote promotional strategies in terms of quality of life and health, for the search of the population's well being. This will allow in the future, work in the community service and the comprehension that the actions in health, must be coupled with public, political, community and collective sectors.As mudanças geradas no sistema de saúde na Colômbia, como o ênfase dado ao trabalho coletivo, tem demonstrado a necessidade de profissionais capazes de trabalhar em diferentes áreas da clínica. Da mesma forma, o conceito de saúde ampliou sua estrutura, para conceitos mais integrais, onde o entendimento do conceito é construído a partir de modelos que integram questões biológicas, mentais e sociais. Isto está relacionado com a responsabilidade social, que a partir do contexto universitário, refere-se à capacidade desta para responder as necessidades de transformação da sociedade em que está imersa, através do exercício de suas funções substantivas: ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Através da função de extensão, e com base no perfil profissional exigidos pela sociedade para melhorar a saúde da população colombiana, a Faculdade de Odontologia da Pontifícia Universidade Javeriana, depois de uma reflexão sobre o currículo, tem criado espaços para a prática social que permitem aos alunos aproximar-se da situação atual do país, fazer uma leitura da realidade e das necessidades da população, para construir e fomentar estratégias de promoção conjunta da qualidade de vida e saúde, para a busca do bem-estar da população, que o permitirá atuar em trabalhos comunitários e compreender que as ações de saúde devem ser articuladas com os setores público, político, comunitário e coletivo

As práticas sociais a partir do Curso de Odontologia

Los cambios generados en el sistema de salud en Colombia, como el relieve puesto especial en el trabajo colectivo, han evidenciado la necesidad de formar profesionales capaces de trabajar en ámbitos diferentes al clínico. De igual manera, la concepción de salud ha ampliado su marco a situaciones más integrales, donde la comprensión del concepto se construye a partir de modelos que integren lo biológico, lo mental y lo social. Lo anterior se relaciona con la responsabilidad social, la cual, desde el contexto universitario, se refiere a la habilidad de la universidad para responder a las necesidades de trasnformación de la sociedad donde está inmersa, mediante el ejercicio de sus funciones sustantivas: docencia, investigación y extensión. Mediante la función de extensión, y con base en el perfil profesional que necesita la sociedad para mejorar la salud de la población colombiana, la Facultad de Odontología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, después de una reflexión curricular, ha generado espacios de práctica social que le permiten al estudiante acercarse a la situación actual del país, hacer una lectura de la realidad y de las necesidades de la población, para construir y fomentar conjuntamente estrategias promocionales de calidad de vida y salud, para la búsqueda del bienestar en la población, lo cual le permitirá desempeñarse en el trabajo comunitario y comprender que las acciones en salud deben estar articuladas con sectores públicos, políticos, comunitarios y colectivos. ABSTRACTThe changes generated in the Health System of Colombia, such as the special emphasis in collective work, have set an evident necessity for capable professionals to work in different environments to the clinician. Either way, the health concept has broadened its frame, to ones much more integral, where the comprehension of a concept is built from models that integrate the biological, the mental and the social. For this reason, it is very important to create from within the university, spaces that allow the student to interact with the community. What is mentioned above is related to the Social Responsibility, which from a university context, is referred to as the ability of the university to respond to the needs of the society's transformation where it is immersed, through the practice of its original functions: teaching, investigation and extension. Through the extension function, and with a base in the professional profile that the society needs to improve the health of the Colombian population, the School of Dentistry of the Pontificia Javeriana University, after a curricular reflection, has generated spaces for the Social Practice. This allows the student to approach the current situation of the country, and do a reading of the reality and needs of the population, to construct and promote promotional strategies in terms of quality of life and health, for the search of the population's well being. This will allow in the future, work in the community service and the comprehension that the actions in health, must be coupled with public, political, community and collective sectors.The changes generated in the Health System of Colombia, such as the special emphasis in collective work, have set an evident necessity for capable professionals to work in different environments to the clinician. Either way, the health concept has broadened its frame, to ones much more integral, where the comprehension of a concept is built from models that integrate the biological, the mental and the social. For this reason, it is very important to create from within the university, spaces that allow the student to interact with the community. What is mentioned above is related to the Social Responsibility, which from a university context, is referred to as the ability of the university to respond to the needs of the society's transformation where it is immersed, through the practice of its original functions: teaching, investigation and extension. Through the extension function, and with a base in the professional profile that the society needs to improve the health of the Colombian population, the School of Dentistry of the Pontificia Javeriana University, after a curricular reflection, has generated spaces for the Social Practice. This allows the student to approach the current situation of the country, and do a reading of the reality and needs of the population, to construct and promote promotional strategies in terms of quality of life and health, for the search of the population's well being. This will allow in the future, work in the community service and the comprehension that the actions in health, must be coupled with public, political, community and collective sectors.As mudanças geradas no sistema de saúde na Colômbia, como o ênfase dado ao trabalho coletivo, tem demonstrado a necessidade de profissionais capazes de trabalhar em diferentes áreas da clínica. Da mesma forma, o conceito de saúde ampliou sua estrutura, para conceitos mais integrais, onde o entendimento do conceito é construído a partir de modelos que integram questões biológicas, mentais e sociais. Isto está relacionado com a responsabilidade social, que a partir do contexto universitário, refere-se à capacidade desta para responder as necessidades de transformação da sociedade em que está imersa, através do exercício de suas funções substantivas: ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Através da função de extensão, e com base no perfil profissional exigidos pela sociedade para melhorar a saúde da população colombiana, a Faculdade de Odontologia da Pontifícia Universidade Javeriana, depois de uma reflexão sobre o currículo, tem criado espaços para a prática social que permitem aos alunos aproximar-se da situação atual do país, fazer uma leitura da realidade e das necessidades da população, para construir e fomentar estratégias de promoção conjunta da qualidade de vida e saúde, para a busca do bem-estar da população, que o permitirá atuar em trabalhos comunitários e compreender que as ações de saúde devem ser articuladas com os setores público, político, comunitário e coletivo

Ultra-Sensitive C-Reactive Protein (US-CRP) in patients with periodontal disease and risk of acute myocardial infarction

Q327-35BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine if the US-CRP values associated with periodontal disease are risk markers for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and to determine if the US-CRP levels associated with recent AMI are higher in patients with Periodontal disease. METHODS: In order to meet the goal of the study, a case control study design was conducted. The analysis sample consisted of 401 adults (30 - 75 years old), living in Bogota D.C., Colombia, from the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, the Faculty of Dentistry at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, and the Fundacion Cardio Infantil. Patients with current infections, antibiotic use in the last 3 months, periodontal treatment at least six months before the baseline of this study, mouth ulcerations caused by any type of prosthesis, candidiasis, stomatitis, or less than 7 teeth in mouth were excluded. Periodontal examination for the case group and the control group was conducted by three previously calibrated examiners. Periodontal disease was diagnosed by the presence of bleeding on probing and attachment loss. The Chronic Periodontitis diagnosis was confirmed with these clinical signs, according to the 1999 Armitage classification. The assessment of the US-CRP was performed using the IMMULITE method containing one monoclonal and one polyclonal anti-CRP antibody. This method provides a measurement range of 0.1 - 500 mg/L. Statistical analysis of variables was performed with OR and confidence intervals. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the association between the US-CRP increase, periodontal disease and acute myocardial infarction, adjusting for smoking and other confounding factors identified in the analysis. RESULTS: The study population was constituted by 401 patients, 56.1% (225) males, with a mean age of 52.6. When groups were compared it was observed that, in those patients with AMI and chronic severe or moderate periodontitis, 24.2% had HDL-C values lower than 40 mg/dl, 78.8% had LDL-C values higher than 100 mg/dl, 55.2% had triglycerides over 150 mg/dl, and US-CRP over 2 mg/L in 53.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal disease (moderate, severe, and chronic periodontal disease) may increase the risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) by increasing the US-CRP levels

Relación entre la presencia de enfermedad periodontal y el infarto agudo al miocardio por medio de la proteína C reactiva ultrasensible. Primera parte / Relationship between Presence of Periodontal Disease and Acute Myocardial Infarction...

RESUMEN. Antecedentes: Es necesario evaluar la conexión entre enfermedad periodontal (EP) y el infarto agudo al miocardio (IAM), por medio de los niveles de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible, para establecer sus mecanismos de asociación. Objetivo: Analizar la posible correlación entre EP y IAM al usarse como parámetro de medición el incremento en los niveles de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR US) en una población colombiana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles. La muestra estuvo conformada por 82 pacientes (41 para el grupo caso y 41 para el grupo control) a los cuales se les realizaron exámenes de laboratorio como perfil lipídico, glicemia y PCR US, así como sondaje periodontal con sonda Florida®, previa calibración del equipo. Los criterios de inclusión fueron pacientes con IAM en las últimas 72 horas (de acuerdo con los parámetros de la ESC/ACC, del 2001) para el grupo caso, pacientes sin IAM (grupo control), y tener un mínimo de 10 dientes en boca. Resultados: Todas las variables evaluadas tendieron a comportarse como factores de riesgo al elevarse los valores de PCR US (p&lt;0,05). Por ende, los pacientes que presentan esta elevación tienen mayor riesgo de presentar IAM. Conclusión: La PCR US se eleva ante procesos infecciosos e inflamatorios. Se encuentra una asociación ente la EP, PCR US y el IAM.ABSTRACT. Background: It is necessary to evaluate the relation between periodontal disease (PD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) through the levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein, in order to establish the mechanisms of such association. Objective: To determine the possible correlation between PD and AMI, taking as a parameter increasing levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HsCRP) in a Colombian population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted. The sample consisted of 82 patients (41 in the case group and 41 in the control group). Data came from calibrated laboratory tests (lipid profile, blood glucose, and HsCRP) and periodontal probing. Inclusion criteria were patients with AMI in the last 72 hours (according to ESC/ACC parameters, 2001) for the case group and patients without AMI (control group), having at least 10 teeth in mouth. Results: All variables analyzed tended to behave as risk factors by raising HsCRP levels (p&lt;0.05). Therefore, patients with higher HsCRP have an increased risk of AMI. Conclusion: HsCRP levels increase in infectious and inflammatory processes, which is associated with PD, HsCRP, and AMI