Detection and genotyping of equid herpesvirus 1 in Uruguay

Infection with equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. Molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism (A2254/G2254) in the genome region of open reading frame 30 which results in an amino acid variation (N752/D752) of the EHV-1 DNA polymerase, is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of naturally occurring strains. In recent years, an increase in the number of cases of equine neurological disease caused by neuropathogenic variants of EHV-1 has been observed in numerous countries. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of the viral genome of EHV-1 and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes of 47 horses from various locations in Uruguay, obtained from a slaughterhouse, and to determine whether the EHV-1 genomes possessed the mutation associated with neuropathogenesis (G2254/D752). The genes encoding glycoprotein H (gH) of EHV-1 and glycoprotein B (gB) of EHV-4 were amplified by a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. Of the samples analysed, 28% and 6% of lymph nodes contained the genes for gH and gB, respectively. The viral DNA olymerase gene was amplified and sequenced. Twelve of the 13 genomes sequenced presented the nucleotide G2254, while the remaining 1 showed both nucleotides, A2254 and G2254. The results confirm the presence of EHV-1 in Uruguay. Furthermore, there is evidence for the first time of the detection of EHV- 4, and high-frequency detection of the neuropathogenic variant (G2254/D752) of EHV-1 in Uruguay. These findings provide new insights into the epidemiological situation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in that country

Towards Improving Clustering Ants: An Adaptive Ant Clustering Algorithm

Among the many bio-inspired techniques, ant-based clustering algorithms have received special attention from the community over the past few years for two main reasons. First, they are particularly suitable to perform exploratory data analysis and, second, they still require much investigation to improve performance, stability, convergence, and other key features that would make such algorithms mature tools for diverse applications. Under this perspective, this paper proposes both a progressive vision scheme and pheromone heuristics for the standard ant-clustering algorithm, together with a cooling schedule that improves its convergence properties. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in a number of well-known benchmark data sets, as well as in a real-world bio informatics dataset. The achieved results are compared to those obtained by the standard ant clustering algorithm, showing that significant improvements are obtained by means of the proposed modifications. 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Promoção do desenvolvimento de nogueira-macadâmia com reguladores vegetais visando enxertia precoce

This study investigates the effects of growth substances on the growth of macadamia-nut rootstocks and the possibility of shortening the period of time plant formation on nursery. Four-month-old rootstocks were sprayed with gibberellic acid 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm, naphtalenacetic acid 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm, gibberellic acid 100 ppm plus naphtalenacetic acid 100 ppm, and check treatment. Gibberellic acid 500 ppm applied 12 0 days after sowing (D.A.S.) promoted increases in plant height, gibberellic acid 50 ppm applied 120 and 181 D.A.S. showed effectiviness too. Spraying with gibberellic acid 500 ppm or gibberellic acid 100 plus naphtalenacetic acid 100 ppm 120 D.A.S. promoted increases in stem diameter, gibberellic acid 50 and 150 ppm applied 120 and 181 D.A.S. showed effectiviness too.O experimento, realizado no Horto Experimental do Departamento de Botânica da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", teve por finalidade promover o desenvolvimento precoce de porta-enxertos de Macadamia integrifolia visando abreviar a produção de mudas. As plantas de nogueira-macadâmia com 4 meses de idade (120 D.A.S.) foram pulverizadas com ácido giberélico 50, 100, 250 e 500 ppm, ácido naftalenacético 50, 100, 250 e 500 ppm, ácido giberélico 100 ppm + ácido naftalenacético 100 ppm, além do contro-le. Esses tratamentos foram repetidos aos 181 D.A.S. Determinações periódicas da altura da planta e do diâmetro do caule mostraram que ácido giberélico 500 ppm aplicado 120 D.A.S. promoveu o maior crescimento em altura dos porta-enxertos de nogueira-macadâmia; sendo que ácido giberélico 50 ppm, aplicado 120 e 181 D.A.S. também se mostrou eficiente. Pulveriza-ção com ácido giberélico 500 ppm ou ácido giberélico 100 ppm + ácido naftalenacético 100 ppm, 120 D.A.S. promoveram o maior aumento precoce no diâmetro do caule das mudas de Macadamia; sendo que ácido giberélico 50 e 250 ppm, aplicado 120 e 181 D.A.S. também se revelaram eficientes

Antioxidant capacity and phenolic total content in 'Fuerte' avocado submitted to hydrothermal treatment

Avocados possess high nutritional value with proven effectiveness in preventing cardiovascular diseases, attributed primarily to their unsaturated fatty acids content. This fruit is also rich in carotenoids and vitamins, particularly vitamin E. This work evaluates the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of hydrothermally-treated Fuerte avocado. Fruits were selected and hydrothermally treated at 45oC for 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. They were then stored in a refrigerator (10 ± 1oC and 90±5% relative humidity) and evaluated over a 15-day period. The total phenolic content increased up to the sixth day of storage, and decreased thereafter, without differences between the treatments. The percentage of antioxidant capacity of the control and the hydrothermally-treated samples for 5 and 10 min increased during storage. Untreated fruits showed the highest percentage of antioxidant capacity. However, the antioxidant capacity of avocado fruits subjected to these treatments declined starting on the twelfth day of storage, possibly due to the fruits’ senescence. Hydrothermal treatments for 15 and 20 min delayed fruit senescence while the antioxidant capacity continued to increase up to the fifteenth day of storage. No significant correlation was found between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. The antioxidant capacity of ripe Fuerte avocado was higher than that of unripe or overripe avocado

Solar polar brightening and radius at 100 and 230 GHz observed by ALMA

Polar brightening of the Sun at radio frequencies has been studied for almost fifty years and yet a disagreement persists between solar atmospheric models and observations. Some observations reported brightening values much smaller than the expected values obtained from the models, with discrepancies being particularly large at millimeter wavelengths. New clues to calibrate the atmospheric models can be obtained with the advent of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) radio interferometer. In this work, we analyzed the lower limit of the polar brightening observed at 100 and 230 GHz by ALMA, during its Science Verification period, 2015 December 16-20. We find that the average polar intensity is higher than the disk intensity at 100 and 230 GHz, with larger brightness intensities at the South pole in eight of the nine maps analyzed. The observational results were compared with calculations of the millimetric limb brightnening emission for two semi-empirical atmospheric models, FAL- C (Fontenla et al. 1993) and SSC (Selhorst et al. 2005a). Both models presented larger limb intensities than the averaged observed values. The intensities obtained with the SSC model were closer to the observations, with polar brightenings of 10.5% and 17.8% at 100 and 230 GHz, respectively. This discrepancy may be due to the presence of chromospheric features (like spicules) at regions close to the limb