Disentangling the corporate entrepreneurship construct: conceptualizing through co-words

This study defines the conceptual structure of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) by looking at the terms scholars have used over the last 26 years of research. With the use of a co-word analysis, five distinctive dimensions of CE and the evolution of related key terms are identified: sustained regeneration, competitive advantage, external entrepreneurship, organizational rejuvenation, and domain redefinition. Over time scholars’ attention has shifted from strategy to entrepreneurship by highlighting the relevance of the terms ‘intrapreneurship’ and ‘entrepreneurial orientation’. Surprisingly, concepts related to strategic entrepreneurship and strategic renewal are less relevant than expected. Besides laying the ground for a shared conceptualization of CE, this study highlights how bibliomeitrics can contribute to decreasing conceptual ambiguity in emergent research fields, such as entrepreneurship. Implications for managers on how to strategically create and develop CE within different organizational settings are also discussed

Entrepreneurial intention studies: A hybrid bibliometric method to identify new directions for theory and research

Fragmentation is the main obstacle to scientific progress on entrepreneurial intention. To address this issue, we systematise the current literature with a hybrid bibliometric method that combines co-citation and bibliographic coupling analysis for the first time in entrepreneurial intention studies to show the field's knowledge base and research fronts and to examine how divergent perspectives have challenged the core knowledge of the field. We highlight three recurring dimensions of entrepreneurial intention studies: (1) personal factors, (2) social factors and (3) investigational settings. In addition to introducing new constructs, divergent perspectives have emphasised the interplay between these components and challenged the mechanisms connecting them. Based on these findings, we extend previous classifications in the literature by providing a framework that integrates divergent perspectives with the field's knowledge base, helping establish future research avenues and improving the theorising process of entrepreneurial intention

The role of mercury, selenium and the Se-Hg antagonism on cognitive neurodevelopment: A 40-month follow-up of the Italian mother-child PHIME cohort

Despite a 15-year long effort to define the \u201csafety\u201d of fish intake during pregnancy, there remains still uncertainty on this important public health issue. The evaluation of the toxic effects of contaminants, particularly mercury (Hg) in fish-eating populations is complicated by the fact that sea-food is also rich in beneficial nutrients, such as selenium (Se). There is toxicological plausibility of an antagonistic effects between Se and Hg, and some theoretical support for the inclusion of the Se\u2013Hg interaction to better assess the risk linked with fish intake. To assess the effects of exposure to low-level Hg through fish consumption on the developing brain and the interaction between Hg and Se, we conducted an analysis at age 40 months in Italian children, enrolled in a prospective mother-child cohort, comparing additive and multiplicative models. Participant subjects were the 470 children born within the Northern Adriatic Cohort II (NAC-II) cohort who were tested by using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development third edition (Bayley-III) (BSID-III) at age 40. Family demographic and socioeconomic information, pregnancy and delivery history, parental and child medical history and food consumption were assessed through questionnaires. Maternal blood samples were collected during pregnancy, cord blood at birth and maternal milk 1 month after delivery. As other exposures of interest, we considered the level of Se in maternal and cord blood and in breast milk and the potential Se\u2013Hg antagonism. Se and inverse of THg (1:THg) concentrations were categorized according to the tertiles of their distributions, in low, medium and high levels of exposure. The lower end of the composite cognitive score distribution closest to 20% was defined as suboptimal development. Multiple logistic regression were applied to assess the association between the dichotomized composite cognitive score and the categorized exposure to Se and 1:THg, and the antagonism between Se and 1:THg. In the recruiting period, 900 pregnant women were enrolled in the cohort; 767 of these remained in the study at delivery and 470 children at 40 months. After excluding preterm births, 456 children were used in the final analyses. The larger difference in risk for suboptimal neurodevelopment was observed for the category with High THg and Low Se with OR = 2.55 (90% CI 1.02; 6.41) under the multiplicative and OR = 1.33 (90% CI 0.80; 1.87) under the additive model. The category High THg and High Se showed a very slightly better fit of the additive model (OR = 1.07, 90% CI 0.65; 1.50) versus the multiplicative (OR = 1.66, 90% CI 0.73; 1.77). A negative \u2013 antagonistic \u2013 interaction term for this category was estimated under the multiplicative model giving an OR = 1.17 (90% CI 0.42; 3.28). Although this evidence of the effects of the Se\u2013Hg antagonism on the children neuro-development needs to be confirmed, if Se can counterbalance Hg toxicity, the evaluation of the effect on human health of fish consumption, should also consider the diverse ratios between Se and Hg concentration in different fish species

Pre-pectoral Breast Reconstruction: Surgical and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Two-Stages vs Single-Stage Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction

Background: Two-stages pre-pectoral breast reconstruction may confer advantages over direct to implant (DTI) and subpectoral reconstruction in selected patients who have no indication for autologous reconstruction. The primary endpoint of the study was to evaluate and compare the incidence of capsular contracture in the pre-pectoral two-stages technique versus the direct to implant technique. Complications related to the two surgical techniques and patient satisfaction were also evaluated. Methods: A retrospective review of 45 two stages and 45 Direct-to-implant, DTI patients was completed. Acellular dermal matrix was used in all patients. An evaluation of anthropometric and clinical parameters, surgical procedures and complications was conducted. Minimum follow-up was 12 months after placement of the definitive implant. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of capsular contracture in the two groups. Rippling occurred more in DTI reconstruction. In the two-stages reconstruction, lipofilling was applied more often and there was a higher incidence of seroma. Patient satisfaction extrapolated from the Breast Q questionnaire was better for patients submitted to two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction. Conclusion: Dual-stage pre-pectoral reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix appears to be a good reconstructive solution in patients with relative contraindications for one-stage heterologous reconstruction with definitive prosthesis and no desire for autologous reconstruction

Key Parameters and Thresholds Values for Obtaining High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Indoors from Full Br Compositional and Bandgap Engineering

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have different theoretical optimal bandgaps (Eg) for outdoor and indoor light harvesting due to the different spectral distributions of the sun and indoor lamps. This work focuses on understanding how both indoor and outdoor photovoltaic (PV) performance of Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I1-xBrx)3 PSCs depend on Br- content (x) spanning the whole 0-100% range, not only efficiency but also stability. Eg increases linearly with x: Eg/eV = 0.75x+1.48. Cells with x = 0.17 delivered the highest efficiency under indoor illumination, which did not correspond to the optimal theoretical bandgap. Via in depth analysis of crystal structure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties, we propose five key parameters and associated threshold values to be surpassed that enable one to achieve indoor efficiencies greater than 25% (1000 lx). First, films should possess average grain sizes greater than 300 nm (i.e., grain sizes > 70% of film thickness) and intergrain spacing ≪ 10 nm. Additionally, On/Off dark current and shunt/series resistance ratios should be higher than 102. Lastly the ratio between current density under indoor illumination and recombination currents in the dark should be >10. The aging rate of cells measured indoors (a fall of 65%) was higher than under 1 sun (41% fall), indicating that device performance is more sensitive to defects arising upon aging when measured under low intensity indoor light. Our investigation provides key parameters that can become a useful tool for researchers aiming to develop improved PSCs for indoor applications

Laser-Scribing Optimization for Sprayed SnO2-Based Perovskite Solar Modules on Flexible Plastic Substrates

Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) are prime candidates for applications requiring a highly efficient, low-cost, lightweight, thin, and even foldable power source. Despite record efficiencies of lab-scale flexible devices (19.5% on a 0.1 cm(2) area), scalability represents a critical factor toward commercialization of FPSCs. Large-area automized deposition techniques and efficient laser scribing procedures are required to enable a high-throughput production of flexible perovskite modules (FPSMs), with the latter being much more challenging compared to glass substrates. In this work, we introduce the combined concept of laser scribing optimization and automatized spray-coating of SnO2 layers. Based on a systematic variation of the incident laser power and a comprehensive morphological and electrical analysis of laser-based cell interconnections, optimal scribing parameters are identified. Furthermore, spray-coating is used to deposit uniform compact SnO2 films on large-area (>120 cm(2)) plastic substrates. FPSCs with spray-coated SnO2 show comparable performance as spin-coated cells, delivering up to 15.3% efficiency on small areas under 1 sun illumination. When upscaling to large areas, FPSMs deliver 12% power conversion efficiency (PCE) and negligible hysteresis on 16.8 cm(2) and 11.7% PCE on a 21.8 cm(2) active area. Our perovskite devices preserved 78% efficiency when the active area increased from 0.1 to 16.8 cm(2), demonstrating that our combined approach is an effective strategy for large-area manufacturing of perovskite devices on flexible substrates

A Study of the Relationship Between Uric Acid and Substantia Nigra Brain Connectivity in Patients With REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Parkinson’s Disease

Low levels of the natural antioxidant uric acid (UA) and the presence of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) are both associated with an increased likelihood of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). RBD and PD are also accompanied by basal ganglia dysfunction including decreased nigrostriatal and nigrocortical resting state functional connectivity. Despite these independent findings, the relationship between UA and substantia nigra (SN) functional connectivity remains unknown. In the present study, voxelwise analysis of covariance was used in a cross-sectional design to explore the relationship between UA and whole-brain SN functional connectivity using the eyes-open resting state fMRI method in controls without RBD, patients with idiopathic RBD, and PD patients with and without RBD. The results showed that controls exhibited a positive relationship between UA and SN functional connectivity with left lingual gyrus. The positive relationship was reduced in patients with RBD and PD with RBD, and the relationship was found to be negative in PD patients. These results are the first to show differential relationships between UA and SN functional connectivity among controls, prodromal, and diagnosed PD patients in a ventral occipital region previously documented to be metabolically and structurally altered in RBD and PD. More investigation, including replication in longitudinal designs with larger samples, is needed to understand the pathophysiological significance of these changes

Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Northern Italy): assessment of factors associated with the risk of death by competing risks analysis

OBJECTIVES: to investigate the role of gender, age, province of residence, and nursing home residency on the risk of death for residents in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) Region (Northern Italy) tested positive for Covid-19, considering recovery as a competing event. The secondary objective is to describe the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic in FVG and in the Regions of Northern and Central Italy in terms of incidence and mortality compared to the national data. DESIGN: retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: resident population in FVG in the period between 29 February and 25 June 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: in order to describe the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak in FVG, in terms of incidence and mortality compared to the national data, the standardized incidence (SIR) and mortality (SMR) ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated compared to the Italian population for the northern and central Regions of Italy and the autonomous Provinces (PA) of Trento and Bolzano. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on subjects residing in FVG to whom at least one naso-oropharyngeal swab (hereafter, named swab) resulted positive for Covid-19. For each subject included in the cohort, the observation period started with the first positive swab and ended with the first of the following events: death, recovery or censored, which means that at the end of the observation period the subject was still alive and positive. The cause of death was assigned to Covid-19 if a subject had not yet recovered at the time when the event occurred. Cohort members were considered recovered after two negative consecutive swabs. The sub-hazard ratio (SHR) was estimated by applying the regression model of competing risks by Fine and Gray, in which the event of interest was the death caused by Covid-19 and the competing event was recovery. The explanatory variables included in the multiple models are: gender, age at the beginning of the observation period, the Province of residence, and nursing home residency. The cause-specific hazard was estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: during the observation period, 3,305 cases and 345 deaths were recorded in FVG; SIR and SMR resulted, respectively, equal to 0.64 (95%CI 0.61-0.68) and 0.43 (95%CI 0.37-0.50). The FVG was the Northern Region one with the lowest incidence and mortality. The cohort consisted of 3,121 residents in FVG with at least one swab with a positive Covid-19 result during the study period. The SHR of dying for Covid-19 is equal to 16.13 (95%CI 9.73-26.74) for people with age 70-79 years and 35.58 (95%CI 21.77-58.15) with age >=80 years respect those with age <70 years. It is higher in males (SHR 1.71; 95%CI 1.34-2.17). There is no evidence that being resident in a nursing home affects the SHR (SHR 0.91 and 95%CI 0.69-1.20). As regards the province as an explanatory variable, the sub-hazard of death in the province of Trieste appears to overlap to the sub-hazard of Pordenone used as a reference; for the provinces of Udine and Gorizia the sub-hazards seem lower than the reference. CONCLUSIONS: while other Northern Regions and autonomous Provinces show higher standardized incidence and mortality compared with Italy, FVG and Veneto do not. In FVG, male gender and age are important determinants of death while there is no evidence that the condition of guest in a nursing home increases the sub-hazard of death

An Interlaboratory Study on the Stability of All-Printable Hole Transport Material–Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Comparisons between different laboratories on long-term stability analyses of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still lacking in the literature. This work presents the results of an interlaboratory study conducted between five laboratories from four countries. Carbon-based PSCs are prepared by screen printing, encapsulated, and sent to different laboratories across Europe to assess their stability by the application of three ISOS aging protocols: (a) in the dark (ISOS-D), (b) under simulated sunlight (ISOS-L), and (c) outdoors (ISOS-O). Over 1000 h stability is reported for devices in the dark, both at room temperature and at 65 degrees C. Under continuous illumination at open circuit, cells survive only for few hours, although they recover after being stored in the dark. Better stability is observed for cells biased at maximum power point under illumination. Finally, devices operate in outdoors for 30 days, with minor degradation, in two different locations (Barcelona, Spain and Paola, Malta). The findings demonstrate that open-circuit conditions are too severe for stability assessment and that the diurnal variation of the photovoltaic parameters reveals performance to be strongly limited by the fill factor, in the central hours of the day, due to the high series resistance of the carbon electrode