Intra-Household Resource Management Structure and Income-Hiding under Incomplete Information

There is evidence that some multi-person households may withhold income transfers, such as bonuses, gifts, and cash transfers, from other members of the household (Ashraf (2009); Vogler and Pahl, (1994)). In this paper, I show that the incentives to hide income under incomplete information regarding the quantity of resources available to the household differ for three different household resource management structures. I illustrate this with a simple two-stage game. In the first stage, one spouse receives a monetary transfer that is unobserved by her spouse, and she must decide whether to reveal or to hide it. In the second stage, spouses bargain over the allocation of resources between a household good and private expenditure. The three models differ in the resource allocation mechanism that takes place in second stage of the game: housekeeping allowance, independent management, and joint management. Results indicate that when one spouse receives a monetary transfer that is unobservable to her spouse, hiding is more likely to occur in households with a housekeeping allowance contract, compared to independent or joint management. In joint management households, however, a spouse may hide in equilibrium if the change in bargaining power associated with revealing the transfer is not significant enough to compensate for the loss in discretionary expenditure.incomplete information, household bargaining, resource management systems, Demand and Price Analysis, Labor and Human Capital, D13, D82, J12,

Asymmetric Search and Loss Aversion: Choice Experiment on Consumer Willingness to Search in the Gasoline Retail Market

Price search enables consumers to overcome information asymmetries, it can lead to a reduction in price dispersion and it can increase consumer surplus, but search is costly. In this paper, an internet survey is conducted among a random sample of 490 drivers in the State of Ohio to answer the question, when are consumers more likely to search? The internet survey affords us the opportunity to impose exogenous price changes in a random sample of gasoline consumers to examine the decision-making process behind intended search decisions. Results indicate that among the respondents who faced prices below their expected price, only 12% chose to search, whereas 45% searched when prices were above. Results suggest that asymmetric search can be explained by prospect theory, in the sense that consumers evaluate current prices compared to a reference price, and as a consequence they value price increases differently from price decreases. Our findings indicate that in the gasoline retail market, consumers are allowing retailers to extract consumer surplus by exhibiting loss aversion because this behavior deters search when the probability of finding a lower price is highest.price search, choice experiment, search cost, gasoline market, Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis, D83, D03,

Ties that Bind: The Kin System as a Mechanism of Income-Hiding between Spouses in Rural Ghana

I present a simple model of intra-household allocation between spouses to show that when the quantity of resources available to the household is not perfectly observed by both spouses, hiding of income can occur even when revelation of the additional resources increases bargaining power. From the model, a test to identify income hiding empirically is derived. For the empirical application, a household survey conducted in Southern Ghana is used. I exploit the variation in the degree of asymmetric information between spouses, measured as the difference between the husband’s own reporting of farm sales and the wife’s reporting of his farm sales, to test whether the allocation of resources is consistent with hiding. For identification, the wife’s clan and the husband’s bride-wealth payments upon marriage are used as instruments for asymmetric information. My findings indicate that allocations are suggestive of men hiding farm sales income in the form of gifts to extended family members, which are not closely monitored. It is unclear whether hiding has negative consequences in the long run because hiding occurs in the form of gifts, instead of expenditure in alcohol or tobacco. If the gifts represent a form of risk-sharing, then these gifts will return to the household in the future, and hiding is not necessarily inefficient. However, if these gifts are motivated by social pressure then hiding can result on poverty traps caused by kin system. The wife’s response is also suggestive of hiding. As information asymmetries increase, she reduces her expenditure in non-essential items, such as prepared foods and oil, but increases personal spending. Expenditure in oil is one of the main sources of calories among poor households in the region.incomplete information, income hiding, non-cooperative family bargaining, Consumer/Household Economics, International Development, D13, D82, J12,

Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish healthcare workers: a systematic review of prevalence and wave-based patterns

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of the entire population, and especially of the healthcare, due to their close contact with the virus and the health emergency. However, the diversity of studies makes it difficult to determine the prevalence of mental health problems in Spanish healthcare workers. This study aims to examine the studies carried out during COVID-19 with the Spanish healthcare population to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress (PTSD) and burnout symptomatology. A systematic search of the articles in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases was performed following PRISMA criteria. Pooled prevalence was obtained for all the mental health symptomatology from moderate to severe, as well as divided by wave. Our data revealed that 50.54% of healthcare workers reported stress, 41.02% burnout, 35.25% anxiety, 29.76% depression, and 25.82% PTSD symptomatology. Anxiety, depression, PTSD and burnout symptomatology diminished in the second and/or the third waves but increased in the following waves. However, stress showed the maximum prevalence during the second wave. Our study highlights a significant impact on the mental health of healthcare workers during health crises, and emphasizes the immediate need for mental health support for healthcare workers during and after pandemics. Anxiety, depression, PTSD, and burnout symptomatology exhibit a “valley” effect, initially decreasing but increasing with prolonged exposure to the COVID-19 health crisis. This underscores the necessity to implement prevention strategies to enhance stress management, emotional regulation skills, and coping abilities

LA RESPONSABILIDAD DEL ESTADO JUEZ EN TORNO AL DERECHO DE LOS CIUDADANOS A LA INDEMNIDAD

Se demuestran las falencias e insuficiencias de los tres títulos tradicionales de imputación de responsabilidad al Estado por las actuaciones judiciales para garantizar el derecho a la indemnidad de los ciudadanos, teniendo en cuenta el rol actual del juez y los postulados teóricos a los cuales debería responder esta institución jurídica. Al confrontar la responsabilidad del Estado por las actividades administrativas y por las actuaciones judiciales, a la luz de las reflexiones sobre los fundamentos teóricos de la responsabilidad civil y de la identidad del juez en el Estado contemporáneo, surge la necesidad de replantear esta institución, con el propósito de que sea expresión de las teorías de la justicia que le subyacen, garantice el derecho a la indemnidad de los ciudadanos y responda a la concepción actual de la judicatura. La estructura del texto consta de tres capítulos teóricos y uno propositivo en el cual se responden las preguntas de investigación planteadas, haciendo uso de la información reseñada al inicio de la investigación. El primer capítulo desarrolla los fundamentos filosóficos y jurídico políticos de la responsabilidad, empleando como método una aproximación teórica conceptual con un componente histórico o contextual, cuya función es la de ser un objetivo investigativo en sí mismo y servir de base para el análisis de las reglas jurisprudenciales expuestas posteriormente, de tal forma que logre llamar la atención sobre la importancia de que el Estado responda equitativamente a los ciudadanos por los daños antijurídicos que le cause con independencia de la rama del poder público que los ocasione, así como sobre las exigencias del Estado social de Derecho a la responsabilidad estatal. El segundo capítulo, denominado “Quién es el juez”, empleando la metodología de la primera parte, desarrolla los siguientes aspectos: el rol del juez en los Estados liberal, constitucional y neoconstitucional; los pilares teóricos para develar la identidad del juez en el Estado contemporáneo; y los órganos de cierre en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, resaltando el aumento en la importancia de la labor de este sujeto y que las decisiones judiciales son una expresión de los modelos de Estado. En este capítulo se identifica quién es el juez, cómo actúa, cómo se controlan sus actuaciones y de qué forma el Estado asume las consecuencias de estas. Por su parte, el tercer acápite, llamado “Cómo responden el juez y la administración pública”, situado en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, expone los elementos de la responsabilidad en general, para posteriormente confrontar el desarrollo legal y jurisprudencial de la responsabilidad del Estado por las actuaciones de la administración con la responsabilidad por las actuaciones judiciales, haciendo uso del método comparativo con variables y un componente evolutivo. De esta forma se busca analizar el desempeño de la jurisprudencia; determinar la correspondencia entre la praxis judicial, los fundamentos teóricos y el mandato de indemnidad; y recorrer el camino de la lógica evolutiva de la responsabilidad, según el cual el aumento en las actividades e intervención estatal potencializa la posible causación de daños antijurídicos, como sucede con la creciente importancia del juez en el Estado contemporáneo. Finalmente, el cuarto capítulo, consiste en un diagnóstico cruzado, aplicando a la jurisprudencia las teorías contenidas en los dos primeros capítulos, a raíz de lo cual surgen algunos aspectos propositivos. Este acápite fue titulado “desafíos de la responsabilidad del Estado por las actuaciones judiciales” y se subdivide en tres partes: el análisis de las perspectivas filosóficas que subyacen al desarrollo jurisprudencial de la responsabilidad estatal en Colombia; la explicación de la importancia de que el Estado responda por las actuaciones del juez teniendo en cuenta su identidad en el Estado contemporáneo y los desafíos que ello presenta; y el planteamiento de nuevos escenarios de responsabilidad del Estado juez, distintos a la privación injusta de la libertad, el error judicial y el defectuoso funcionamiento de la administración de justicia. Los desafíos encontrados para el reconocimiento de la responsabilidad del Estado juez son la intangibilidad de la cosa juzgada, la independencia judicial y la responsabilidad de los órganos de cierre de la jurisdicción. De otra parte, los nuevos escenarios de responsabilidad planteados son la responsabilidad por la ejecución de sentencias internacionales, por la adopción de laudos arbitrales y por el cambio de línea jurisprudencial, profundizando en los dos últimos. Con esta propuesta se pretende ajustar la institución estudiada al modelo actual de Estado, respondiendo a fenómenos contemporáneos como la internacionalización del derecho, la privatización de la justicia y la alteración de las fuentes del derecho.The lacks and insufficiencies of the three traditional titles for the allocation of responsibility to the State for the legal proceedings in order to guarantee the right to indemnity of the citizens are demonstrated; taking into account the current role of the judge and the theoretical postulates to which this Legal institution should response. When facing the responsibility of the state for the administrative activities and for the legal actions, in the light of the reflections upon the theoretical basis of the civil liability and the identity of the judge in the contemporary State, the need for restating the responsibility of the judge - State arises; with the purpose that this become an expression of the theories of justice that underlie it, guarantees the right to indemnity of the citizens and respond to the current concept of the judiciary The structure of the text consists of three theoretical chapters and a propositional one, in which the research questions are answered. This, using the information referred at the beginning of the research. The first chapter develops the philosophical, legal and political bases of the liability, using as method, a conceptual theoretical approach with a historical or contextual component; which function is to be a research objective itself and serve as a base for the analysis of the jurisprudence rules explained later on; in such a way that it can call the attention about the importance that the state respond equally to the citizens for the wrongful damages that it causes regardless of the branch of public power that cause them, as well as on the exigencies of the Social State of Law to the State liability. The second chapter, called "Who is the judge", using the methodology of the first part, develops the following aspects: the role of the judge in the liberal, constitutional and neoconstitutional states; The theoretical pillars to unveil the identity of the judge in the contemporary state; And the closing bodies in the Colombian legal system, highlighting the increase in the importance of the role of the judge and that the judicial decisions are an expression of the state models. This chapter identifies who the judge is, how he or she acts, how his or her actions are controlled, and the way in which the State assumes the consequences of its actions. As for the third section, called "How the Judge and the Public Administration Respond", located in the Colombian legal system, it exposes the general elements of the responsibility, to confront the legal and jurisprudential development of State responsibility for the actions of the administration with the responsibility for the judicial proceedings, using the comparative method with variables and an evolutionary component. In this way, the aim is to analyze the performance of jurisprudence; to determine the correspondence between judicial praxis, the theoretical foundations and the mandate of indemnity; And to follow the path of the evolutionary logic of responsibility, according to which the increase in activities and state intervention optimize the occurrence of wrongful damages, as with the increasing importance of the judge in the contemporary State. Finally, the fourth chapter consists of a cross-diagnosis, applying to jurisprudence the theories contained in the first two chapters, as a result of which some propositional aspects arise. This section was entitled "Challenges of State Responsibility for Judicial Proceedings" and is divided into three parts: the analysis of the philosophical perspectives that underlie the jurisprudential development of state responsibility in Colombia; The explanation of the importance that the State respond for the actions of the judge, considering its identity in the contemporary State and the challenges that it presents; And the establishment of new scenarios of responsibility of the State-judge, other than the unjust deprivation of freedom, the judicial error and defective functioning of the administration of justice. The challenges encountered for the recognition of the responsibility of the State judge are the intangibility of res iudicata, the judicial independency and the responsibility of the closing bodies of the the jurisdiction. On the other hand, the new scenarios of responsibility presented are the responsibility for the execution of international judgments, for the adoption of arbitration awards and for the change of jurisprudential line, deepening into the last two. This proposal aims to adjust the institution studied to the current state model, responding to contemporary phenomena such as the internationalization of law, the privatization of justice and alteration of the sources of law

LA RESPONSABILIDAD DEL ESTADO JUEZ EN TORNO AL DERECHO DE LOS CIUDADANOS A LA INDEMNIDAD

Se demuestran las falencias e insuficiencias de los tres títulos tradicionales de imputación de responsabilidad al Estado por las actuaciones judiciales para garantizar el derecho a la indemnidad de los ciudadanos, teniendo en cuenta el rol actual del juez y los postulados teóricos a los cuales debería responder esta institución jurídica. Al confrontar la responsabilidad del Estado por las actividades administrativas y por las actuaciones judiciales, a la luz de las reflexiones sobre los fundamentos teóricos de la responsabilidad civil y de la identidad del juez en el Estado contemporáneo, surge la necesidad de replantear esta institución, con el propósito de que sea expresión de las teorías de la justicia que le subyacen, garantice el derecho a la indemnidad de los ciudadanos y responda a la concepción actual de la judicatura. La estructura del texto consta de tres capítulos teóricos y uno propositivo en el cual se responden las preguntas de investigación planteadas, haciendo uso de la información reseñada al inicio de la investigación. El primer capítulo desarrolla los fundamentos filosóficos y jurídico políticos de la responsabilidad, empleando como método una aproximación teórica conceptual con un componente histórico o contextual, cuya función es la de ser un objetivo investigativo en sí mismo y servir de base para el análisis de las reglas jurisprudenciales expuestas posteriormente, de tal forma que logre llamar la atención sobre la importancia de que el Estado responda equitativamente a los ciudadanos por los daños antijurídicos que le cause con independencia de la rama del poder público que los ocasione, así como sobre las exigencias del Estado social de Derecho a la responsabilidad estatal. El segundo capítulo, denominado “Quién es el juez”, empleando la metodología de la primera parte, desarrolla los siguientes aspectos: el rol del juez en los Estados liberal, constitucional y neoconstitucional; los pilares teóricos para develar la identidad del juez en el Estado contemporáneo; y los órganos de cierre en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, resaltando el aumento en la importancia de la labor de este sujeto y que las decisiones judiciales son una expresión de los modelos de Estado. En este capítulo se identifica quién es el juez, cómo actúa, cómo se controlan sus actuaciones y de qué forma el Estado asume las consecuencias de estas. Por su parte, el tercer acápite, llamado “Cómo responden el juez y la administración pública”, situado en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, expone los elementos de la responsabilidad en general, para posteriormente confrontar el desarrollo legal y jurisprudencial de la responsabilidad del Estado por las actuaciones de la administración con la responsabilidad por las actuaciones judiciales, haciendo uso del método comparativo con variables y un componente evolutivo. De esta forma se busca analizar el desempeño de la jurisprudencia; determinar la correspondencia entre la praxis judicial, los fundamentos teóricos y el mandato de indemnidad; y recorrer el camino de la lógica evolutiva de la responsabilidad, según el cual el aumento en las actividades e intervención estatal potencializa la posible causación de daños antijurídicos, como sucede con la creciente importancia del juez en el Estado contemporáneo. Finalmente, el cuarto capítulo, consiste en un diagnóstico cruzado, aplicando a la jurisprudencia las teorías contenidas en los dos primeros capítulos, a raíz de lo cual surgen algunos aspectos propositivos. Este acápite fue titulado “desafíos de la responsabilidad del Estado por las actuaciones judiciales” y se subdivide en tres partes: el análisis de las perspectivas filosóficas que subyacen al desarrollo jurisprudencial de la responsabilidad estatal en Colombia; la explicación de la importancia de que el Estado responda por las actuaciones del juez teniendo en cuenta su identidad en el Estado contemporáneo y los desafíos que ello presenta; y el planteamiento de nuevos escenarios de responsabilidad del Estado juez, distintos a la privación injusta de la libertad, el error judicial y el defectuoso funcionamiento de la administración de justicia. Los desafíos encontrados para el reconocimiento de la responsabilidad del Estado juez son la intangibilidad de la cosa juzgada, la independencia judicial y la responsabilidad de los órganos de cierre de la jurisdicción. De otra parte, los nuevos escenarios de responsabilidad planteados son la responsabilidad por la ejecución de sentencias internacionales, por la adopción de laudos arbitrales y por el cambio de línea jurisprudencial, profundizando en los dos últimos. Con esta propuesta se pretende ajustar la institución estudiada al modelo actual de Estado, respondiendo a fenómenos contemporáneos como la internacionalización del derecho, la privatización de la justicia y la alteración de las fuentes del derecho.The lacks and insufficiencies of the three traditional titles for the allocation of responsibility to the State for the legal proceedings in order to guarantee the right to indemnity of the citizens are demonstrated; taking into account the current role of the judge and the theoretical postulates to which this Legal institution should response. When facing the responsibility of the state for the administrative activities and for the legal actions, in the light of the reflections upon the theoretical basis of the civil liability and the identity of the judge in the contemporary State, the need for restating the responsibility of the judge - State arises; with the purpose that this become an expression of the theories of justice that underlie it, guarantees the right to indemnity of the citizens and respond to the current concept of the judiciary The structure of the text consists of three theoretical chapters and a propositional one, in which the research questions are answered. This, using the information referred at the beginning of the research. The first chapter develops the philosophical, legal and political bases of the liability, using as method, a conceptual theoretical approach with a historical or contextual component; which function is to be a research objective itself and serve as a base for the analysis of the jurisprudence rules explained later on; in such a way that it can call the attention about the importance that the state respond equally to the citizens for the wrongful damages that it causes regardless of the branch of public power that cause them, as well as on the exigencies of the Social State of Law to the State liability. The second chapter, called "Who is the judge", using the methodology of the first part, develops the following aspects: the role of the judge in the liberal, constitutional and neoconstitutional states; The theoretical pillars to unveil the identity of the judge in the contemporary state; And the closing bodies in the Colombian legal system, highlighting the increase in the importance of the role of the judge and that the judicial decisions are an expression of the state models. This chapter identifies who the judge is, how he or she acts, how his or her actions are controlled, and the way in which the State assumes the consequences of its actions. As for the third section, called "How the Judge and the Public Administration Respond", located in the Colombian legal system, it exposes the general elements of the responsibility, to confront the legal and jurisprudential development of State responsibility for the actions of the administration with the responsibility for the judicial proceedings, using the comparative method with variables and an evolutionary component. In this way, the aim is to analyze the performance of jurisprudence; to determine the correspondence between judicial praxis, the theoretical foundations and the mandate of indemnity; And to follow the path of the evolutionary logic of responsibility, according to which the increase in activities and state intervention optimize the occurrence of wrongful damages, as with the increasing importance of the judge in the contemporary State. Finally, the fourth chapter consists of a cross-diagnosis, applying to jurisprudence the theories contained in the first two chapters, as a result of which some propositional aspects arise. This section was entitled "Challenges of State Responsibility for Judicial Proceedings" and is divided into three parts: the analysis of the philosophical perspectives that underlie the jurisprudential development of state responsibility in Colombia; The explanation of the importance that the State respond for the actions of the judge, considering its identity in the contemporary State and the challenges that it presents; And the establishment of new scenarios of responsibility of the State-judge, other than the unjust deprivation of freedom, the judicial error and defective functioning of the administration of justice. The challenges encountered for the recognition of the responsibility of the State judge are the intangibility of res iudicata, the judicial independency and the responsibility of the closing bodies of the the jurisdiction. On the other hand, the new scenarios of responsibility presented are the responsibility for the execution of international judgments, for the adoption of arbitration awards and for the change of jurisprudential line, deepening into the last two. This proposal aims to adjust the institution studied to the current state model, responding to contemporary phenomena such as the internationalization of law, the privatization of justice and alteration of the sources of law

Estratégia Empresarial El enfoque de la calidad, globalización, etica y reponsabilidad social cooperativa

La presente investigación describe la estrategia empresarial. La función que ejerce es significativa en la gestión de las entidades, es uno de los campos más numerosos y abordados en la actualidad debido a que marca la decisión de la dirección de las empresas, del cual surgen los resultados de los más grandes éxitos o los más denigrantes errores. Una estrategia exitosa se adapta a las situaciones externas (condiciones industriales y competitivas) e internas (puntos fuertes y débiles oportunidades, y amenazas). La práctica y desarrollo de esta tiene que conservar y proteger la vida de la empresa a largo plazo considerando siempre los factores sociales, económicos, políticos, ambientales y materiales. Las empresas actualmente luchan contra un mundo cambiante por ende obtienen un obstáculo, que es el de incorporarse a las continuas modificaciones del entorno como son las regularizaciones, legislaciones, tecnología, sociedad, mercados y competidores. La estrategia no es más que una decisión sobre las metas, objetivos y acciones de la organización para prosperar en su entorno, debido a estas condiciones las estrategias se convierten en un sistema cuantioso que abarca una gran variedad de perspectivas para adaptarse o sobrevivir en el ambiente. En este documento se incluyen algunos enfoques clave para la toma de decisiones empresariales, de tal modo que se crean alternativas con las capacidades necesarias para integrarse exitosamente en la sociedad y en los mercados

Cambio climático y salud humana: Una revisión desde la perspectiva colombiana/ Climate change and human health: a review from the colombian perspective

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo recoger la evidencia científica sobre los efectos del cambio climático sobre la salud humana con énfasis en Colombia. Se llevo a cabo una revisión en bases de datos y repositorios de revistas por medio de un algoritmo de términos MeSH. Fueron incluidos artículos originales, revisiones sistemáticas o meta-análisis, que estuvieran disponibles en texto completo o disponibles en las bases de datos y repositorios consultados. Se usaron restrictores de idioma, tiempo e idioma. Fueron elegidos 268 títulos en las bases de datos, repositorios de revistas y trabajos de literatura gris. 29% correspondieron a trabajos sobre seguridad alimentaria, 25% (a publicaciones sobre enfermedades transmisibles, 35% efectos sobre la calidad del aire y enfermedades respiratorias y 11% a publicaciones que abordaban varios temas. Solo fueron encontrados 17 publicaciones sobre trabajos colombianos. La evidencia científica revisada permite afirmar que el cambio climático tiene una afectación transversal a la población mundial a distintos niveles y escenarios. El cambio climático afecta la salud humana de forma directa e indirecta. Por otro lado, es importante resaltar que las publicaciones que dan cuenta de los efectos del cambio climático en Colombia se centran en las enfermedades transmitidas por vectore

Thermochemical Energy Storage with Integrated District Heat Production—A Case Study of Swede

The implementation of electricity-charged thermochemical energy storage (TCES) using high-temperature solid cycles would benefit the energy system by enabling the absorption of variable renewable energy (VRE) and its conversion into dispatchable heat and power. Using a Swedish case study, this paper presents a process for TCES-integrated district heating (DH) production, assesses its technical suitability, and discusses some practical implications and additional implementation options. The mass and energy flows of a biomass plant retrofitted with an iron-based redox loop are calculated for nine specific scenarios that exemplify its operation under electricity generation mixes that differ with respect to variability and price. In addition, the use of two types of electrolyzers (low-temperature and high-temperature versions) is investigated. The results show that for the Swedish case, the proposed scheme is technically feasible and capable of covering the national DH demand by making use of the existing DH plants, with an estimated process energy efficiency (electricity to heat) of 90%. The results also show that for a retrofit of the entire Swedish DH fleet, the required inventories of iron are approximately 2.8 Mt for the intermediate scenario, which represents 0.3% and 11.0% of the national reserves and annual metallurgical production rates of the national industry, respectively. In addition to the dispatchable heat, the process generates a significant amount of nondispatchable heat, especially for the case that employs low-temperature electrolyzers. This added generation capacity allows the process to cover the heat demand while decreasing the maximum capacity of the charging side computed herein