Implementação de serviços farmacêuticos na Farmácia Comunitária

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências FarmacêuticasAtualmente, devido ao envelhecimento da população ocorrido em Portugal, houve um aumento da necessidade de terapêutica medicamentosa para o tratamento de doenças agudas ou crónicas, à qual existe uma morbi-mortalidade associada, agravada pela não adesão ao regime terapêutico. Estes aspetos levam a danos sociais e económicos na sociedade. Aliado a isto, há as dificuldades provocadas pelas novas medidas da politica da saúde e aos cortes nos custos, sendo de extrema importância que as farmácias direcionem a sua atividade, dando mais importância à promoção da saúde pública, melhorando a qualidade de vida da população. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o nível de interesse que os utentes das farmácias possuem numa série de serviços farmacêuticos, sendo que alguns já se encontram implementados nas farmácias, enquanto outros não possuem um nível tão elevado de implementação. Para a verificação deste objetivo, foi recolhida informação através de um questionário, dirigido aos utentes da Farmácia da Prelada, no Porto. Neste trabalho, o número de amostras obtidas foi 138. Verificou-se nos resultados, que existe um elevado número de pessoas com interesse e muito interesse em todos os serviços farmacêuticos incluídos no questionário. A procura dos utentes pelos serviços farmacêuticos já foi identificada, sendo agora preciso fazer as reestruturações necessárias para se implementar os serviços farmacêuticos, de forma a que as farmácias assumam um papel cada vez mais importante na prevenção e promoção da saúde pública. Nowadays, due to the aging of the population occured in Portugal, there has been an increase need of therapeutics for the treatment of acute or chronic diseases, for which there is an associated morbidity and mortality, exacerbated by non-adherence to the treatment regimen. These aspects lead to social and economic damage in society. In adition, there are the difficulties caused by the new health policy and measures to cut costs, being of utmost importance that pharmacists rethink their activity, by giving more importance to the promotion of public heatlh promoting the quality of life of the population. This study aimed to determine the level of interest that pharmacy customers have in a range of pharmaceutical services, some of which are already implemented in pharmacies, while others do not have such a high level of implementation. For thins purpose, information was collected through a questionnaire directed to the Farmácia da Prelada’s customers, in Oporto. The number of samples obtained was 138. It was found in the results that there is a high number of people with “interest” and “high interest” in all pharmaceutical services included in the questionnare. The client’s demand for pharmaceutical services has already been identified, for which it should now be done some restructuring to implement the pharmaceutical services, in such a way that pharmacies assume an increasingly important role in the prevention and promotion of public health

Representation of Characters by Gender across Video Game Covers of Different Ratings

This research was in response to the perception that females are under-represented in gaming culture. Pew Research Center (2015) found that both males and females thought more males played video games (60%). However, there is not a statistically significant difference in the percentage of males and females who have ever played video games (50% M 48% F). There is the perception that the advertising and production of video games contribute to the different stereotypes associated with men and women in gaming culture. According to research about gender and video game production, both male and female employees who work in the creation of content believe that women are underrepresented (Prescott & Bogg, 2011). This contributes to the idea of androcentrism, which is the practice of placing a masculine point of view as the center of a culture’s, and this is seen in many areas of gaming. In this project we examined the presence of and representation of males and females on video covers

The role of perceived source location in auditory stream segregation: separation affects sound organization, common fate does not

The human auditory system is capable of grouping sounds originating from different sound sources into coherent auditory streams, a process termed auditory stream segregation. Several cues can influence auditory stream segregation, but the full set of cues and the way in which they are integrated is still unknown. In the current study, we tested whether auditory motion can serve as a cue for segregating sequences of tones. Our hypothesis was that, following the principle of common fate, sounds emitted by sources moving together in space along similar trajectories will be more likely to be grouped into a single auditory stream, while sounds emitted by independently moving sources will more often be heard as two streams. Stimuli were derived from sound recordings in which the sound source motion was induced by walking humans. Although the results showed a clear effect of spatial separation, auditory motion had a negligible influence on stream segregation. Hence, auditory motion may not be used as a primitive cue in auditory stream segregation

Comparison of Multinational Medical School Students Experiences in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Analysis

Background:  In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries, and governments around the world have implemented different measures and guidelines for the containment and mitigation of the COVID-19 virus. In addition to implemented policies and initiatives, social media and personal beliefs have affected medical students’ social, emotional, financial, and academic stability and success both domestically and internationally.  Methods:  This qualitative study, recruited students enrolled in the Global Seminar for Health and Environment elective course in their respective medical schools to complete a weekly, non-graded journaling assignment for 6 weeks. To measure outcomes, open-ended questions within the assignment asked students across four different countries (United States, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, and Honduras) questions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic including personal beliefs and knowledge, policies and initiatives within their country, global policies and initiatives, and social media presentations. Thematic analysis was then completed using the QCoder package in R Studio.  Results:  A total of 142 assignment submissions were collected and analyzed. International medical students reported more restrictions in their country, a larger mental health impact, and more individuals in their country showing a lack of regard for policies and initiatives.  United States medical students were more likely to express a decrease in academic opportunities and academic performance. Conclusion:  The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect medical students globally. The pandemic has changed the medical school experience for both international and United States medical students and affected them not only academically but mentally, and socially

Association between prenatal antimicrobial use and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BACKGROUND: Gut-brain cross-talk may play an important role in modulating neurodevelopment. Few studies have examined the association between antimicrobials that influence infant gut microbiota assemblage and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between maternal prenatal antimicrobial use and ADHD in offspring at 10 years of age. METHODS: Data are from the Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study, a racially and socioeconomically diverse birth cohort in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. Maternal antimicrobial use was extracted from the medical record. ADHD diagnoses were based on parental report at the 10-year study visit. Poisson regression models with robust error variance were used to calculate risk ratios (RR). Cumulative frequency of exposure to antibiotics, and effect modification were also evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 555 children included in the analysis, 108 were diagnosed with ADHD. During pregnancy, 54.1% of mothers used antibiotics while 18.7% used antifungals. Overall, there was no evidence of an association between prenatal antibiotic exposure and ADHD (RR [95% CI] = 0.98 [0.75, 1.29]), but there was an increased risk of ADHD among those with mothers using 3+ courses of antibiotics (RR [95%CI] = 1.58 [1.10, 2.29]). Prenatal exposure to antifungals was associated with a 1.6 times higher risk of ADHD (RR [95% CI] = 1.60 [1.19, 2.15]). In examining effect modification by child sex for antifungal use, there was no evidence of an association among females (RR [95% CI] = 0.97 [0.42, 2.23]), but among males, prenatal antifungal use was associated with 1.82 times higher risk of ADHD (RR [95% CI] = 1.82 [1.29, 2.56]). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal prenatal antifungal use and frequent prenatal antibiotic use are associated with an increased risk of ADHD in offspring at age 10. These findings highlight the importance of the prenatal environment and the need for careful use of antimicrobials

Prenatal pet keeping and caregiver-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder through preadolescence in a United States birth cohort

BACKGROUND: While the keeping of pets has been shown to protect against childhood allergic disease and obesity, less is known regarding potential associations of prenatal pet keeping and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We sought to examine the associations between prenatal dog or cat keeping with caregiver-reported ADHD in preadolescents in the Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study (WHEALS) birth cohort (N = 1258). METHODS: At an interview with the caregiver at child age 10-12 years, caregivers reported if the WHEALS child had ever been diagnosed with ADHD. Similarly, during an interview with the mother prenatally, pet keeping (defined as dog or cat kept inside ≥1 h/day) was ascertained. Logistic regression models were fit to examine the association of prenatal pet keeping (dog keeping and cat keeping, separately) with ADHD. RESULTS: A subset of 627 children were included in the analyses: 93 who had ADHD and 534 with neurotypical development. After accounting for confounders and loss to follow-up, maternal prenatal dog exposure was associated with 2.23 times (95% CI: 1.15, 4.31; p = 0.017) greater odds of ADHD among boys. Prenatal dog keeping was not statistically significantly associated with ADHD in girls (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.06, 1.12; p = 0.070). Prenatal cat keeping was not associated with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: In boys, but not girls, maternal prenatal dog keeping was positively associated with ADHD. Further study to confirm these findings and to identify potential mechanisms of this association (e.g., modification of the gut microbiome, exposure to environmental toxicants or pet-related medications) is needed

Are psychology undergraduate students equipped to work in business and technology after graduation?

Introduction Psychology students are underemployed in their field after graduation, so one potential avenue is examining job opportunities less directly related to psychology. Business and technology are rapidly growing fields and many of the related occupations and careers have a bright outlook as defined by O*NET (National Center for O*NET Development, n.d.). As psychology is the fourth most popular major, there are opportunities for psychology graduates to contribute to other fields (National Center for Education Statistics, 2019). Determining the presence of gaps and overlaps between KSAs acquired through the psychology curriculum and those needed in business and technology will enhance students’ abilities to work in business and technology fields. Methods Our research will follow a similar methodology as laid out in Sterling et al. (2021), by using O*NET to filter jobs that fall into business and technology-related fields and job levels 3-5 to examine the KSAs needed for those jobs. Sterling et al.’s (2021) results already defined 41 KSAs from O*NET that psychology undergraduates have from their psychology curriculum. We will compare the psychology-related KSAs to those needed in business and technology jobs, where we can then find the overlap and gaps in KSAs that psychology students have. Expected Results Understanding if psychology students are missing specific KSAs from their undergraduate education would allow us to determine how they can better capitalize on job opportunities in business and technology. The KSAs required in the field of business and technology largely overlap with the KSAs psychology graduates possess, so identifying the gaps and overlap in KSAs needed in these jobs will allow psychology graduates to be better informed in the options they have after they graduate. Implications This information will reflect the existence of this gap in KSAs and prepare students for working in business and technology. The psychology curriculum may be adjusted to further develop the missing KSAs and better prepare psychology graduates to work in business and technology. This industry could benefit greatly from this increase in interest from psychology students with a variety of KSAs to be utilized. Identifying gaps between the undergraduate psychology curriculum and the KSAs needed to effectively work in the field of business and technology will allow psychology students to better position themselves for jobs post-graduation

Infant Feeding Practices and Subsequent Dietary Patterns of School-Aged Children in a US Birth Cohort

BACKGROUND: Infant feeding practices are thought to shape food acceptance and preferences. However, few studies have evaluated whether these affect child diet later in life. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to examine the association between infant feeding practices and dietary patterns (DPs) in school-aged children. DESIGN: A secondary analysis of data from a diverse prospective birth cohort with 10 years of follow-up (WHEALS [Wayne County Health Environment Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study]) was conducted. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Children from the WHEALS (Detroit, MI, born 2003 through 2007) who completed a food screener at age 10 years were included (471 of 1,258 original participants). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome was DPs at age 10 years, identified using the Block Kids Food Screener. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Latent class analysis was applied for DP identification. Breastfeeding and age at solid food introduction were associated with DPs using a 3-step approach for latent class modeling based on multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: The following childhood DPs were identified: processed/energy-dense food (35%), variety plus high intake (41%), and healthy (24%). After weighting for loss to follow-up and covariate adjustment, compared with formula-fed children at 1 month, breastfed children had 0.41 times lower odds of the processed/energy-dense food DP vs the healthy DP (95% CI 0.14 to 1.25) and 0.53 times lower odds of the variety plus high intake DP (95% CI 0.17 to 1.61), neither of which were statistically significant. Results were similar, but more imprecise, for breastfeeding at 6 months. In addition, the association between age at solid food introduction and DP was nonsignificant, with each 1-month increase in age at solid food introduction associated with 0.81 times lower odds of the processed/energy-dense food DP relative to the healthy DP (95% CI 0.64 to 1.02). CONCLUSIONS: A significant association between early life feeding practices and dietary patterns at school age was not detected. Large studies with follow-up beyond early childhood that can also adjust for the multitude of potential confounders associated with breastfeeding are needed