A problemática da tradução de um conto de Hawthorne

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Tradução - Especialização em InglêsEsta dissertação visa a apresentação e posterior análise crítica de uma proposta de tradução do conto de Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Ethan Brand”. Inicialmente, será feita uma breve referência à vida e obra do autor, tendo em conta o quadro referencial e mental da sociedade americana do século XIX. Em seguida, serão exploradas as características próprias de um texto do século XIX americano, nomeadamente a temática, o tipo de linguagem, as marcas culturais, procurando reflectir ainda sobre a distanciação temporal do texto em relação à cultura de chegada – a portuguesa – e as implicações que todos estes factores podem ter na elaboração de uma proposta de tradução. Posteriormente, realizar se-á uma breve contextualização da obra de Hawthorne na cultura de chegada. Depois da apresentação da proposta de tradução do conto “Ethan Brand”, seguir-se-ão as necessárias justificações e reflexões sobre as opções tomadas, procurando que esta reflexão se constitua como um caso paradigmático da tradução como processo intercultural

Solid dosage forms of biopharmaceuticals in drug delivery systems using sustainable strategies

Funding Information: C. Costa, T. Casimiro and A. Aguiar-Ricardo are grateful for the financial support of the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV, Faculdade de Ci?ncias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020). C. Costa thanks FCT (Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia) and ESF (European Social Fund) through POCH (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) for her PhD grant ref. PD/BD/142880/2018 and Project PD/00184/2012-PDQS. M.L. Corvo is grateful for the financial support of the Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, which is supported in part by UID/DTP/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/2020 from FCT/MCTES, Portugal. Funding Information: Funding: C. Costa, T. Casimiro and A. Aguiar-Ricardo are grateful for the financial support of the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020). C. Costa thanks FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) and ESF (European Social Fund) through POCH (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) for her PhD grant ref. PD/BD/142880/2018 and Project PD/00184/2012-PDQS. M.L. Corvo is grateful for the financial support of the Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, which is supported in part by UID/DTP/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/2020 from FCT/MCTES, Portugal. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Drug delivery systems (DDS) often comprise biopharmaceuticals in aqueous form, making them susceptible to physical and chemical degradation, and therefore requiring low temperature storage in cold supply and distribution chains. Freeze-drying, spray-drying, and spray-freeze-drying are some of the techniques used to convert biopharmaceuticals-loaded DDS from aqueous to solid dosage forms. However, the risk exists that shear and heat stress during processing may provoke DDS damage and efficacy loss. Supercritical fluids (SCF), specifically, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a sustainable alternative to common techniques. Due to its moderately critical and tunable properties and thermodynamic behavior, scCO2 has aroused scientific and industrial interest. Therefore, this article reviews scCO2-based techniques used over the year in the production of solid biopharmaceutical dosage forms. Looking particularly at the use of scCO2 in each of its potential roles—as a solvent, co-solvent, anti-solvent, or co-solute. It ends with a comparison between the compound’s stability using supercritical CO2-assisted atomization/spray-drying and conventional drying.publishersversionpublishe

A proof-of-concept

Funding Information: C. Costa, T. Casimiro and A. Aguiar-Ricardo are grateful for the financial support of the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Portugal, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES ( UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020 ). C. Costa thanks FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) and ESF (European Social Fund) through POCH (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) for her PhD grant ref. PD/BD/142880/2018, COVID/BD/152744/2022 and Project PD/00184/2012-PDQS . C. Costa and A. Aguiar-Ricardo acknowledge also CA18224 GREENERING (“Green Chemical Engineering Network towards upscaling sustainable processes”). COST Actions are funded within the EU Horizon 2020 Programme . M.L. Corvo is grateful for the financial support of the Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal, which is supported in part by UID/DTP/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/2020 from FCT/MCTES , Portugal. The authors are grateful to Prof. M. Dionísio for the DSC facility. Publisher Copyright: © 2023Enzyme-based inhalable therapeutics for lung inflammation are gaining interest as an alternative to long-term corticosteroids treatments. However, enzymes have poor pharmacokinetics. Encapsulating enzymes in liposomes can increase their half-live and modify their biodistribution. But both liposomes and enzymes are susceptible to destabilization during storage. This drawback can be surpassed, by converting liposomal suspension into solid dosage forms for different administration routes, including inhalation. In this study, Cu, Zn- superoxide dismutase (SOD) was encapsulated in liposomes, then dried using supercritical CO2-assisted spray-drying to make SOD-loaded liposomal dry powder formulations (SOD_Lip-DPFs). Upon resuspension in water, liposomes maintained structural integrity, with 99% SOD encapsulation efficiency and preserved enzymatic activity. Stability studies showed that SOD_Lip-DPFs maintained liposomal and enzyme stability for 50 days at 40% relative humidity. This offers a stable and efficient delivery system for enzyme-based inhalable therapeutics.publishersversionpublishe

Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology

Funding Information: This research was funded from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT/MCTES, Portugal) through the projects PTDC/EQU–EQU/32473/2017, PTDC/MEC–ONC/29327/2017 and PTDC/QUI–QIN/30649/2017 (REALM); and by national funds LAQV–REQUIMTE: UIDB/50006/2020, UIDP/50006/2020, and UID/QUI/50006/2020, and co–financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement number POCI–01–0145–FEDER−007265. PhD grant (SFRH/BD/150696/2020) in the aim of the International Year of the Periodic Table—A protocol established between the Portuguese Chemical Society (SPQ) and FCT/MCTES is financed the PhD of A.I.F. Individual Scientific Employment Stimulus (CEEC–IND, reference 2020.00377.CEECIND) from the FCT/MCTES is financed the research work of R.V. The Associate Laboratory Research Unit for Green Chemistry−Clean Technologies and Processes−LAQV–REQUIMTE is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020, UIDP/50006/2020, and UID/QUI/50006/2020) and co–financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI–01–0145–FEDER−007265). Publisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.The design and development of affinity polymeric materials through the use of green technology, such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a rapidly evolving field of research with vast applications across diverse areas, including analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, energy, food, and environmental remediation. These affinity polymeric materials are specifically engineered to interact with target molecules, demonstrating high affinity and selectivity. The unique properties of scCO2, which present both liquid– and gas–like properties and an accessible critical point, offer an environmentally–friendly and highly efficient technology for the synthesis and processing of polymers. The design and the synthesis of affinity polymeric materials in scCO2 involve several strategies. Commonly, the incorporation of functional groups or ligands into the polymer matrix allows for selective interactions with target compounds. The choice of monomer type, ligands, and synthesis conditions are key parameters of material performance in terms of both affinity and selectivity. In addition, molecular imprinting allied with co–polymerization and surface modification are commonly used in these strategies, enhancing the materials’ performance and versatility. This review aims to provide an overview of the key strategies and recent advancements in the design of affinity polymeric materials using scCO2.publishersversionpublishe

Efeitos da acidificação da água do mar na reprodução de Mytilus edulis

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha (Ecologia e Biodiversidade Marinha), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011A concentração de dióxido de carbono atmosférico tem vindo a aumentar, passando de níveis de cerca de 280ppm, no inicio da revolução industrial para cerca de 380ppm actualmente, devido principalmente a queima contínua de combustíveis fósseis. Com o aumento da pressão de CO2 na atmosfera aumenta a sua diluição no oceano, causando a redução dos valores de pH. Esta “acidificação” da água do mar afecta muitos organismos marinhos, principalmente os com estruturas calcificadas, como bivalves, que se dissolvem em pH mais ácidos. Para além disso, a redução de pH é potencialmente causadora de stress fisiológico sobre os organismos, com consequências em várias fases do ciclo de vida. Assim, este estudo teve por objectivo analisar, em laboratório, o efeito potencial da redução de pH, em 0,4 e 0,7 unidades, tal como previsto nos relatórios do IPCC (International Panel for Climate Change), na gametogénese e sucesso reprodutivo do mexilhão, Mytilus edulis. A experiência abrangeu apenas um período de reprodução, pelo que uma análise mais conclusiva sobre os efeitos da acidificação sobre a reprodução desta espécie é necessária para uma consolidação dos resultados obtidos. Alguns dos indicadores estudados (p.ex. o índice gonado-somático, o diâmetro dos oócitos e o rácio sexual) variaram substancialmente durante a experiência, embora essa variação não pareça estar relacionada com os diferentes níveis de pH. No entanto, a diferença observada nos estados de gametogénese das fêmeas sugere um retardamento da desova no tratamento de acidificação mais extremo (pH-0,7). O desfasamento do desenvolvimento da gónada entre os sexos afigura-se assim como um potencial efeito da acidificação por CO2 no sucesso reprodutivo de M. edulis

Development of affinity polymeric particles for the removal of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) from active pharmaceutical ingredient crude streams using a green technology

Funding Information: The financial support projects from PTDC/QEQ-PRS/2757/2012 , and PTDC/EQU-EQU/32473/2017 (by national funds through FCT/MCTES, PIDDAC) through Fundaç ão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia , Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT/MCTES), Portugal, is acknowledged by the authors. The Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes - LAQV is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES ( UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020 ) and co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement ( POCI-01–0145-FEDER – 007265 ). R.V. would like to thank FCT/MCTES and HOVIONE for her doctoral grant SFRH/BDE/51907/2012 and Individual Scientific Employment Stimulus (CEEC-IND), reference 2020.00377.CEECIND from the FCT/MCTES. N.C. is a PhD candidate from Doctoral Programme in Chemistry at NOVA School of Science and Technology | FCT NOVA. Publisher Copyright: © 2023Polymeric particles with affinity for 4-dimethylaminipyridine (DMAP) were developed by molecular imprinting using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) technology, for cleanup of this potentially genotoxic impurity from crude mixtures of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). DMAP-molecularly imprinted polymer (DMAP-MIP) and the respective control, the non-molecularly imprinted polymer (NIP) were produced by free radical polymerization using methacrylic acid as monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker and AIBN as free-radical initiator in scCO2. The materials were obtained in high yield and were characterized chemically, physically and morphologically. Their extraction efficiency was evaluated by dynamic binding experiments using two solutions: i) a solution containing 104 ppm DMAP solution; ii) model pharmaceutical mixture containing 104 ppm of DMAP and 1018 ppm of Mometasone furoate (API). Particles were able to remove 18.3 µmol DMAP/g polymer from a 104 ppm DMAP solution (i) and 1004.6 µmol DMAP/g API (ii). In addition, high recoveries of both DMAP and API were obtained, above 99%.publishersversionpublishe

¿Afecta el sildenafilo a la capacidad física en altitud? Evidencias científicas en la actualidad

  El sildenafilo ha demostrado eficacia reduciendo la hipertensión pulmonar provocada por la vasoconstricción pulmonar hipóxica. Su papel como posible factor para aumentar el rendimiento en el ejercicio en condiciones de hipoxia está por demostrar, pero el uso de sildenafilo ha aumentado entre los montañeros, no como un fármaco preventivo del edema pulmonar de gran altitud, sino como un medio que podría ayudar a mejorar el rendimiento físico a gran altura geográfica. Varios estudios han tratado de abordar este tema, con resultados contradictorios. Actualmente, a pesar de que no hay datos concluyentes, ni en altitud simulada, ni real, y con la clara evidencia de que en normoxia el sildenafilo no mejora el rendimiento físico, se continúa utilizando esta sustancia (a veces en exceso) por personas que suben a altas cumbres. Tal potencial mejora de rendimiento dependería del grado de hipoxemia en altitud y de la capacidad de respuesta individual a este medicamento. El presente artículo revisa el conocimiento actual sobre este tema

Can sildenafil improve physical performance at altitude? Current scientific evidence

  Sildenafil has proven to efficiently reduce the increase in pulmonary artery pressure provoked by hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, its role as a possible factor in increasing exercise performance under hypoxic conditions remains to be demonstrated. The use of sildenafil has increased among mountaineers, not as a high altitude pulmonary edema preventive drug, but as a means that could help to improve performance. Several studies have attempted to address this issue, with conflicting results. Currently, despite the inconclusive data at simulated or real altitude, and with the clear evidence that, in normoxia, sildenafil does not improve performance, this drug is being used (and sometimes overused) by people who climb high peaks. However, such potential performance improvement would depend on the degree of hypoxemia (altitude) and the individual responsiveness to this drug. This paper reviews the current knowledge on this matter