PHYSIOTHERAPY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA

The story of the development of physiotherapy in South Australia covers almost fifty years. It is a story of the generous giving of time voluntarily to institutions and to the organization of the physiotherapists. For many years at least one-half of the massage at the Adelaide Hospital was done by voluntary workers. The value of prenatal and postnatal physiotherapy in hospitals and clinics became evident because of the initiative of enthusiastic physiotherapists who sought permission from the Boards of Management to do the work on a voluntary basis. The same far-sighted generosity has earned recognition in almost all of the avenues into which physiotherapists have carried the services of the profession

Medieval climate change and settlement in Iceland

A key issue in studies of Norse settlement in Iceland is the role that climate has played in shaping the history of the island. The thesis has two main objectives: (1) to constrain the timing and nature of any significant variations in climate during the Medieval period, and around the time of Norse settlement in Iceland (c.500-1500AD). (2) to evaluate likely impacts post-settlement of such changes upon those living in Iceland. To do this, the project uses a multidisciplinary approach, combining new empirical data, existing empirical and documentary data, and a new climate model for Iceland.Medieval glacier retreat was examined using lacustrine sediment sequences collected from two localities, that from SkeiSsvatn in Trollaskagi being notable as of being at least 1350 years in length. At Skeibsvatn, lacustrine evidence indicates the onset of Late Holocene glaciation around A.D. 650, and that glaciation of the catchment has continued uninterrupted to the present day. This constrains the warmth of the 'Medieval Warm Period', while terminal moraines constrain both 'Little Ice Age' and earlier Neoglacial advances. This is the first such lacustrine record of glacier retreat from Iceland.Two models are presented in the thesis, the most important being an original massbalance and vegetation cover model. The first modelling approach used is to apply the threedimensional ice sheet model GLIMMER to test the sensitivity of selected small glaciers to growth and disappearance. The second modelling approach was the construction of a new model of climate and vegetation for Iceland.The Iceland climate model is Java-based, and includes well over 12,000 lines of original code. It shows that it is possible to model monthly and annual vegetation limits, snowlines and snowcover based on inputs of primarily topography, temperature and precipitation, and constrain the modelling using glacier mass balance. This model has been used to evaluate spatial and temporal environmental responses to changes in temperature and precipitation of known magnitude, and to test the responses to long timeseries of temperature data.Integrated mass balance and ecological modelling combined with geomorphic data can be used to assess settlement changes in southern Iceland. Soil erosion in Thorsmork was not directly driven by climatic change, and the degradation has a land management origin. The solution, as shown in the preservation of woodlands in Thorsmork, was a land management decision, and not deterministically driven by a drop in temperature. Birch woodland in Thorsmork is at risk of removal during sustained colder spells, but the climatic impact on soil erosion is limited.Modelling of the Myvatn region indicates increased vulnerability of the landscape to environmental changes on the order of ±1°C, which are likely to trigger large changes in tree birch cover or good quality grazing land area. Growing season length is shortened by c.25%, and late-lying snowcover is an additional challenge in colder years. Response to warming is one of substantially reduced snowcover at lower elevations, and an inland shift of vegetation boundaries.Aeolian sediment sequences from Geithellnadalur, in combination with modelling data gives further insight into the relative importance of climate and human land management practices, and this can be used to identify threshold events. Geithellnadalur shows that environmental change in Iceland is not always directly related to climate, but that climate may have an indirect influence on landscape changes. Within the sediment accumulation record, evidence of both the impact of settlement and the impact of the Little Ice Age are visible.The new modelling approach, combined with the gathered empirical data, has provided key insights into the many different ways in which climate and environment interact over a varied topography, with consequently diverse effects upon settlement

Gendered experiences of teaching in poor rural areas of Ghana

The low presence of female teachers serving in schools in deprived rural areas is one of the main constraints militating against girls' access and achievement in basic education in Ghana. Studies suggest that low self-esteem among girls is a key factor preventing them from attaining higher levels of education, which can be enhanced through more gender sensitive teaching methods, and the presence of female teachers as role models. This paper investigates the reasons why the majority of Ghanaian teachers avoid –if they can - postings to rural deprived areas and why girls, in particular, are not entering the teaching profession. The study adopts a predominantly qualitative approach, exploring the perceptions of primary stakeholders involved in basic education, including female teachers living in deprived rural areas, girls at upper primary and secondary levels of education and community members. Districts with the lowest percentage of female teachers were selected for the study – where, also, the lowest percentage of girls enter and remain in the basic school system. The paper suggests reasons why Ghanaian girls continue to miss the opportunity to be taught by female role models and why they do not opt to become teachers themselves

Journal of African Christian Biography: v. 5, no. 2

A publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography with U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University. This issue focuses on: Women / Bilingual (French): 1. Biography of Émilienne Mboungou-Mouyabi (née Niangui Loubota), Congolese woman pastor, in ENGLISH and in FRENCH; 2. "Recovering the Lives of African Women Leaders in South Africa: The Case of Nokutela Dube" By Heather Hughes, chapter from African Christian Biography: Stories, Lives and Challenges, (D. L. Robert, editor); 3. "Notes on the Life History of the Reverend Canon Professor Emeritus John Samuel Pobee (1937 to 2020)"" by Casely Essamuah.; and, 4. "Theological Publishing and the Future of Christianity in Africa: African Theological Network Press" by Kyama Mugambi. 5. Book Notes, by Beth Restrick

An Analysis of Intelligent Failure within Corporate Entrepreneurship

Intelligent failure occurs when an entrepreneurial initiative falls short of its anticipated performance. It provides valuable new knowledge to the organisation and is recognised as an important factor in long-term corporate entrepreneurial success. This thesis is located within the domain of corporate entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial failure, and explores the various processes of intelligent failure. The specific aim of this thesis is to learn how organisations manage intelligent failure. Research takes an inductive approach with the predominant use of a qualitative methodology and, as part of a multiple case study strategy, research is carried out in six organisations operating in differing sectors within the UK. Findings indicate that the organisations often fail to manage intelligent failure. There is little evidence of a strategic approach to learning from failure and, where learning occurs, it is predominantly unstructured. This is significant because literature consistently argues that a structured process is required to manage learning from failure successfully. This research recognises that structured processes may be more effective than unstructured processes when looked at in isolation. However, this thesis argues that unstructured mechanisms do have inherent value. Therefore, when organisations develop failure management processes, a dual path may be considered, which might extract value from both systems as is contextually appropriate. This may enable organisations to maximise their ability to learn from failure. This thesis adds to existing management theory in the corporate entrepreneurship domain. In specifically focusing on the structured and unstructured forms within the process of intelligent failure, this thesis addresses a gap in current literature. It also adds to existing literature that centres on the practical management of the learning from failure process

Chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of potential anti-cancer agents based on the azinomycins.

Azinomycins A 1 and B 2 isolated from the culture broths of Streptomyces griseofuscus S42227, exhibit potent in vitro cytotoxic activity and significant in vivo antitumour activity. The compounds contain two electrophilic functional groups - an epoxide and an aziridine residue - that react with nucleophilic sites in duplex DNA to form cross-links at 5'-dGNT and 5'-dGNC sequences. Although the aziridine functionality is required for cross-linking, the azinomycin metabolite (2S,3S)-3,4- epoxy-2-(3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoyloxy)-3-methylbutanamide containing an intact epoxide but devoid of the 1-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring system retains significant biological activity (IC50 in P388 murine leukaemia = 0.0012 μg/ml) comparable to agents such as cisplatin and mitomycin C. The natural product possesses (2S, 3S) stereochemistry. All the four diastereoisomers of 3,4-epoxy-2-(3- methoxy-5-methyl-l-naphthoyloxy)-3-methylbutanamide were synthesised to evaluate how the nature of stereochemistry influences cytotoxicity and DNA binding ability. The synthesis involved Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation of benzyl 3- methylbut-2-enoate using AD-mix-α or AD-mix-β to give a diol with (R) or (S) stereochemistry respectively. The (R) and (S) diols were converted into the four stereoisomers of benzyl 3,4-epoxy-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate, coupled to the chromophore ethyl 3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoic acid and further converted to the azinomycin analogue (2S,3S)-3 and its isomers. These compounds together with other analogues containing modifications to the chromophore were investigated for cytotoxic activity. Their mode of action was investigated by studying their effect on the electrophoretic mobility of supercoiled plasmid DNA. Analogues with DNA cross-linking ability were designed and synthesised from 1-(2-aminoethyl)-piperidin-3-ol and 3,4-epoxy-2-(3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoyloxy)-3-methylbutanoic acid involving Boc-protection of the terminal primary amine, mesylation of the secondary hydroxyl group and transformation of this functionality to the chloro compound. Subsequent deprotection of the Boc-group and coupling to the left hand portion gave a series of piperidine-based analogues. These compounds were tested in the NCI 60 cell line panel and their mode of binding investigated using agarose gel DNA cross- linking and unwinding assays. Totally synthetic analogues with properties useful in the design of bioreductive and biooxidative prodrugs were synthesised by coupling the piperidine analogue 124 or the allylic alcohol 29 to the naphthoic acid chloride 94

A genealogical history of Cape Coast stool families

Cape Coast was one of the most politically and socially significant towns in West Africa. Between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, it was one of the main trading emporia on the West African coast. By the early twentieth century Cape Coast had developed into the centre of the West African proto-nationalist movement. Longstanding trading, familial and social connections with Europe, had created a social infrastructure that nurtured political activity. Throughout the period of establishment of permanent European settlements, there was increasing indigenous conflict between fte Fante, (an immigrant group who favoured systems of matrilineal inheritance) and the native EfUtU, who maintained patrilineal systems of lineage. By the eighteenth century, the mercantile success of the Fante gave their families and institutions a disproportionate amount of power within Cape Coast. As Cape Coast grew in size and influence, the two systems of lineage created independent and competing histories which legitimised their respective claims to jurisdiction of the town. Over generations the histories supported by the two lineages diverged to a point where they could no longer be reconciled. The political differences of the two lineages served to reinforce the opposition they held in their histories, which in turn fuelled their vehement support for their separate customs and institutions. Toward the end of nineteenth century, as the church's influence grew and British law became increasingly accepted, the stool ceased to be the sole source of indigenous reaction to colonial and Asante encroachments. The stool's relative loss of power to the British had been exacerbated by an extended interregnum at the end of the nineteenth century and the continuance of lineage disputes between the stool families. From within the Fante section of the stool family, several individuals stepped forward to voice the opinions of the town. Although such men could justify their roles through their genealogical links to the stool, they chose not to. In the first two decades of the twentieth century the political agenda of certain local politicians broadened beyond the bounds of Cape Coast, and then beyond the bounds of the colony. The weakness of the Cape Coast stool and a catastrophic downturn in trade pushed the town into recession. Cape Coast never recovered A major stool dispute enquiry in 1916, underlined how obscure and contradictory the stool history had become. It was only at that point that people realised that the demise of the stool history ran parallel to the decay of the extended stool family. The stool families' cohesion was inextricably linked to the general acceptance of specific homogenising genealogical accounts of stool history. As the history became obscured by time, so the stool family went into decline

The financing and outcomes of education in Ghana

In 1987, the Government of Ghana embarked on a set of educational reforms which culminated in the reduction of pre-tertiary education from 17 to 12 years and the introduction of measures to improve access, equity and quality at all levels of the educational system. The reforms focused primarily on basic education, which had undergone a decade of decline in quality, but higher levels of education were also given some attention. The reforms were launched at a time of a severe economic downturn – the economy had posted three successive years of negative growth – and a diminished capacity of government to finance development. In response, donors became increasingly involved in the provision of finance and technical assistance. As new modalities of aid began to be established, technical and financial assistance was provided to the government for both the preparation and implementation of the reforms. Over the course of the reforms, total donor assistance is estimated at between US$1.5 billion and US$2.0 billion. As the economy began to recover substantially from its malaise of the 1980s, the government's educationsector expenditure, as a share of GDP, increased from 1.4 per cent in 1987 to 5.7 per cent in 2006, albeit remaining lower than the 6.4 per cent recorded in 1976. This study documents a mixed record of implementation and outcomes of the reforms, with some indicators showing highly uneven improvements over two decades. As regards primary enrolments, for example, the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) increased from 76 in 1987 to 79 in 1991, but fell back again to 73 by 1997. By 2001, the ratio had recovered to 80 but then slid to 78 by the 2003/2004 academic year. Participation in basic education, which comprises both primary and junior secondary schooling, remained “free and compulsory” over the period. The introduction of capitation grants for schools in September 2005 reduced direct costs to households by replacing the various levies that schools imposed on parents for extra-curricular activities. This led to a 17 per cent increase in primary enrolments nationwide (with GER rising to 86) in 2005/6. This increase in school enrolments, while desirable in terms of moving the country towards meeting its objective of providing universal basic education for all Ghanaian children of school-going age, was followed, predictably, by a decline in education quality as the provision of additional teachers, facilities, and logistics lagged behind the capitation grant. A fresh set of educational reforms, scheduled to commence in September 2007, is intended to address these problems. Issues of funding adequacy, coordination and sustainability of donor financing for these reforms, however, remain largely unresolved – especially as donor disbursements in recent years have fallen short of commitments