Efecto del consumo de frutos secos sobre el balance calórico y diferentes factores de riesgo cardiovascular

Mediante el análisis transversal del estudio PREDIMED-Nureta se confirman los hallazgos anteriores de estudios epidemiológicos en relación a la existencia de una asociación inversa entre el consumo de frutos secos (FS) y el índice de masa corporal y además, los extiende a la adiposidad abdominal, aunque esta vez en una población europea de alto riesgo cardiovascular y acostumbrada a consumir FS. Este trabajo aporta también novedades respecto a los mecanismos a través de los cuales los FS podrían modular el balance energético (peso corporal, ingesta, saciedad, metabolismo energético) y ha demostrado que el consumo regular de FS dentro del contexto de una dieta saludable puede revertir algunas alteraciones propias del síndrome metabólico (SM), como la resistencia a la insulina. Se confirma así la seguridad del consumo crónico de una ración de frutos secos diarios en el manejo dietético de sujetos con SM. No obstante, se requieren estudios a largo plazo para profundizar en el conocimiento del efecto del consumo de frutos secos sobre el balance energético y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular probablemente involucrados en el desarrollo de la obesidad, la diabetes tipo 2 y otras enfermedades cardiovasculares.A cross-sectional study from the PREDIMED-Nureta trial confirms previous findings from epidemiological studies regarding the inverse association between nut consumption and body mass index and also extends them to the abdominal obesity, but this time in a high-risk cardiovascular European population with customarily high nut intake. This work also provides new mechanistic aspects regarding nut consumption and regulation of energy balance (body weight, food intake, satiety, energy metabolism) and has shown that regular nut consumption in the context of a healthy diet can alter some metabolic syndrome (MS) abnormalities, such as insulin resistance. It confirms the safety of consuming a daily serving of nuts in the dietary management of subjects with MS. However, long-term studies are required to understand the effect of nut consumption on energy balance and other cardiovascular risk factors probably involved in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases

Lipids and physical function in older adults

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Healthy aging is a public health priority. The maintenance of adequate physical function is recognized as a key element of healthy aging. In recent years, scientific evidence has increased concerning the ability of lipids, in particular omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), to positively influence muscle and overall physical function in older patients. The article will critically review observational as well as intervention studies on this topic, and it will elucidate the potential biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA on physical function. RECENT FINDINGS: Observational studies and clinical trials performed in healthy older patients and in older patients with chronic diseases mostly found positive effects of n-3 PUFA on muscle metabolism, muscle strength and in general physical function. SUMMARY: Although the use of n-3 PUFA might represent an important intervention to preserve physical function in older adults, several key questions still need to be answered. Above all, large randomized controlled trials should be performed to confirm the utility of n-3 PUFA as therapeutic agents to prevent and treat physical function decline in old age

Content of nitrate and nitrite in commercial and self-made beetroot juices and the effect of storage temperature

File replaced (docx to pdf) on 25.7.23 by NK (LDS)Popularity of beetroot juice (BJ) is growing due to its high inorganic nitrate content (NO₃) and its potential physiological benefits. However, the content of NO₃ is not indicated in most commercial BJs and it can be affected by seasonal changes and storage conditions. This study analyzed the content of NO₃ and nitrite (NO₂) in five and two commercial and self-made BJs, respectively, that were purchased in the summer and winter periods. The effect of storage temperature (20°C, 4°C, and −20°C) and pH was also analyzed. In nonconcentrated BJs, the NO₃ content was 34 ± 20% (p = .075) in the winter than in the summer. NO₃ was fully degraded in self-made BJ after 3 days at 20°C. This effect was attenuated by 78% and 82% when it was kept at 4°C and −20°C, respectively. The addition of lemon juice (5%) to self-made BJ was another useful approach to avoid NO₃ degradation for 3 days when it was kept at 20°C. Regarding NO₂, self-made BJ had higher concentration (0.097 ± 0.01 mg/mL) compared to commercial BJs (<0.1 mg/mL; p = .001). The pH of self-made BJ was higher (6.3 ± 0.1) compared to commercial BJs (4.5 ± 0.3; p = .001). These results suggest that the content of NO₃ in nonconcentrated BJs can substantially differ across the year and this is an important factor to take into account when recommending BJs to promote some of its potential physiological benefits

Novel strategies for improving dietary exposure assessment: Multiple-data fusion is a more accurate measure than the traditional single-biomarker approach

BACKGROUND: Accurate measurement of food intake is the cornerstone of understanding the links between diet and optimal health status or risk of disease. The utilization of metabolomics approaches is revolutionizing the field of dietary assessment by associating metabolic profiles with intake of specific foods or dietary patterns and/or investigating human health status in nutritional trials. Combining dietary biomarkers with conventional dietary assessment methods is considered a potential strategy for tackling the complexity of dietary exposure fingerprinting. SCOPE AND APPROACH: We discuss existing approaches among dietary assessment methods and dietary biomarkers. A combined approach taking into consideration data from dietary questionnaires with measurements of dietary biomarkers is emphasized. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Trends in novel strategies for improving dietary exposure assessment will be influenced by the discovery and validation of dietary exposure biomarkers. Among different strategies, multi-metabolite biomarker panels enable more reliable estimation of dietary exposure than does the traditional single-biomarker approach. Therefore, a combined approach using data from dietary questionnaires along with measurements of dietary biomarkers is considered an excellent strategy for improving dietary exposure assessment

Genome-wide interaction of genotype by erythrocyte n-3 fatty acids contributes to phenotypic variance of diabetes-related traits

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the interplay between n-3 fatty acids and genetic variants for diabetes-related traits at the genome-wide level. The present study aimed to examine variance contributions of genotype by environment (GxE) interactions for different erythrocyte n-3 fatty acids and genetic variants for diabetes-related traits at the genome-wide level in a non-Hispanic white population living in the U.S.A. (n = 820). A tool for Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) was used to estimate the genome-wide GxE variance contribution of four diabetes-related traits: HOMA-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting plasma insulin, glucose and adiponectin. A GxE genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to further elucidate the GCTA results. Replication was conducted in the participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) without diabetes (n = 716). RESULTS: In GOLDN, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) contributed the most significant GxE variance to the total phenotypic variance of both HOMA-IR (26.5%, P-nominal = 0.034) and fasting insulin (24.3%, P-nominal = 0.042). The ratio of arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid contributed the most significant GxE variance to the total variance of fasting glucose (27.0%, P-nominal = 0.023). GxE variance of the arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio showed a marginally significant contribution to the adiponectin variance (16.0%, P-nominal = 0.058). None of the GCTA results were significant after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.001). For each trait, the GxE GWAS identified a far larger number of significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (P-interaction ≤ 10E-5) for the significant E factor (significant GxE variance contributor) than a control E factor (non-significant GxE variance contributor). In the BPRHS, DPA contributed a marginally significant GxE variance to the phenotypic variance of HOMA-IR (12.9%, P-nominal = 0.068) and fasting insulin (18.0%, P-nominal = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Erythrocyte n-3 fatty acids contributed a significant GxE variance to diabetes-related traits at the genome-wide level. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-781) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Edible Insect Consumption for Human and Planetary Health: A Systematic Review

This systematic review aimed to examine the health outcomes and environmental impact of edible insect consumption. Following PRISMA-P guidelines, PubMed, Medline ProQuest, and Cochrane Library databases were searched until February 2021. Twenty-five articles met inclusion criteria: twelve animal and six human studies (randomized, non-randomized, and crossover control trials), and seven studies on sustainability outcomes. In animal studies, a supplement (in powdered form) of 0.5 g/kg of glycosaminoglycans significantly reduced abdominal and epididymal fat weight (5–40% and 5–24%, respectively), blood glucose (10–22%), and total cholesterol levels (9–10%), and a supplement of 5 mg/kg chitin/chitosan reduced body weight (1–4%) and abdominal fat accumulation (4%) versus control diets. In other animal studies, doses up to 7–15% of edible insect inclusion level significantly improved the live weight (9–33%), reduced levels of triglycerides (44%), cholesterol (14%), and blood glucose (8%), and increased microbiota diversity (2%) versus control diet. In human studies, doses up to 7% of edible insect inclusion level produced a significant improvement in gut health (6%) and reduction in systemic inflammation (2%) versus control diets and a significant increase in blood concentrations of essential and branched-chain amino acids and slowing of digestion (40%) versus whey treatment. Environmental indicators (land use, water footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions) were 40–60% lower for the feed and food of edible insects than for traditional animal livestock. More research is warranted on the edible insect dose responsible for health effects and on environmental indicators of edible insects for human nutrition. This research demonstrates how edible insects can be an alternative protein source not only to improve human and animal nutrition but also to exert positive effects on planetary health

Assessing Adherence to Healthy Dietary Habits Through the Urinary Food Metabolome:Results From a European Two-Center Study

BACKGROUND: Diet is one of the most important modifiable lifestyle factors in human health and in chronic disease prevention. Thus, accurate dietary assessment is essential for reliably evaluating adherence to healthy habits. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify urinary metabolites that could serve as robust biomarkers of diet quality, as assessed through the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010). DESIGN: We set up two-center samples of 160 healthy volunteers, aged between 25 and 50, living as a couple or family, with repeated urine sampling and dietary assessment at baseline, and 6 and 12 months over a year. Urine samples were subjected to large-scale metabolomics analysis for comprehensive quantitative characterization of the food-related metabolome. Then, lasso regularized regression analysis and limma univariate analysis were applied to identify those metabolites associated with the AHEI-2010, and to investigate the reproducibility of these associations over time. RESULTS: Several polyphenol microbial metabolites were found to be positively associated with the AHEI-2010 score; urinary enterolactone glucuronide showed a reproducible association at the three study time points [false discovery rate (FDR): 0.016, 0.014, 0.016]. Furthermore, other associations were found between the AHEI-2010 and various metabolites related to the intake of coffee, red meat and fish, whereas other polyphenol phase II metabolites were associated with higher AHEI-2010 scores at one of the three time points investigated (FDR < 0.05 or β ≠ 0). CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that urinary metabolites, and particularly microbiota-derived metabolites, could serve as reliable indicators of adherence to healthy dietary habits. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRATION: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03169088