Desenvolvimento de uma plataforma estabilizadora para aeronaves remotamente pilotadas visando a obtenção de índices de vegetação e sensoriamento remoto

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade UnB Gama, Curso de Engenharia de Energia, 2016.O uso de Aeronaves Remotamente Pilotadas (ARP), em especifico os multirrotores, tem se tornado uma grande ferramenta de sensoriamento remoto para captura de dados na agricultura. Este trabalho propõe a concepção de uma plataforma estabilizadora para sensores selecionados com o intuito de capturar imagens na banda do espectro visível e no infravermelho próximo utilizando ARPs. Com as informações dessas bandas, é possível se calcular o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), um índice de vegetação que é correlacionado com a saúde vegetal e a fotossíntese das plantas. Para a construção do protótipo será utilizado a técnica de impressão 3D para a produção das peças e encaixes. O trabalho é dividido em uma revisão bibliográfica contendo a apresentação de alguns índices de vegetação, os sensores para captura dos dados e uma introdução da técnica de impressão 3D. A parte de projeto conceitual e preliminar apresentam a seleção dos componentes e os desenhos do sistema projetado. O projeto detalhado traz os desenhos, iterações feitas e os testes feitos no sistema. Ao final, apresenta-se algumas imagens obtidas utilizando a plataforma e algumas considerações e análises sobre os resultados obtidos. O produto final desenvolvido é capaz estabilizar as câmeras de forma satisfatória mantendo o objeto de leitura sempre em foco. As imagens obtidas conseguem distinguir entre regiões com vegetação verde, seca e regiões sem vegetação alguma, além de produzir imagens RGB tradicionais. Todo o conjunto fica com apenas 276g, tornando-se ideal para o uso em pequenas aeronaves não tripuladas.The use of Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), especially in multi rotors, has become a major tool in remote sensing for capturing data in agriculture. This paper proposes the design of a stabilizer platform to selected sensors in order to capture images in the visible spectrum band and the near infrared using RPAs. With information of these bands, it is possible to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a vegetation index that is correlated with plant's health and plant's photosynthesis. For the construction of the prototype, it will be used the 3D printing technique in order to produce the parts and fittings. The paper is divided into a literature review containing the presentation of some vegetation indexes, the sensors for data capture and a teacnic brief introdution to 3D printing technique. The conceptual and preliminary design parts present the selection of the components and drawings of the designed system. The detailed design part brings the drawings, iterations that were made and the tests on the system. At the end, it presents some images obtained using the platform and some considerations and analysis of the results. The final product developed is able to stabilize satisfactorily cameras keeping the reading object always in focus. The images obtained can distinguish between regions with vegetation, drought vegetation and with no vegetation, in addition to producing traditional RGB images. The entire set is left with only 276g, making it ideal for use in small unmanned aircraft

Respostas morfofisiológicas de dendezeiros jovens ao estresse de salinidade

The objective of this work was to assess the morphophysiological characteristics and the ionic imbalance in the substrate, roots, and leaves of young oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plants under different levels of saline stress, following a substrate salinization protocol in which the level of salt was known. Bifid oil palm plants were subjected to different NaCl rates (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g NaCl per 100 g substrate on a dry basis), and their morphophysiological responses were evaluated for a period of 12–14 days. This protocol generated different levels of stress due to the gradients of electrical conductivity and water potential in the saturation extract of the substrate, according to the added NaCl. Based on the rates of real evapotranspiration and leaf gas exchange, the osmotic effect of the salt reflected negatively on leaf temperature, on the chlorophyll content index, and on the chlorophyll fluorescence variables. The increase in Na and Cl levels in the saturation extract culminated with the increasing availability of Ca, K, and Mg in the solution and their accumulation in the leaves. However, the plants poorly absorbed Na and Cl. The obtained results are indicative that, for a better characterization of the osmotic and ionic phases of salinity stress, it is necessary to reduce the applied level of salinity stress and to increase the evaluation period.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características morfofisiológicas e o desequilíbrio iônico no substrato, nas raízes e nas folhas de plantas jovens de dendezeiro (Elaeis guineensis) sob diferentes níveis de estresse salino, seguindo protocolo de salinização do substrato em que o nível de sal era conhecido. Plantas bifídicas de dendezeiro foram submetidas a doses distintas de NaCl (0,0, 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 g de NaCl por 100 g de substrato em base seca), e suas respostas morfofisiológicas foram avaliadas por um período de 12 a 14 dias. Este protocolo gerou diferentes níveis de estresse devido aos gradientes de condutividade elétrica e potencial hídrico no extrato de saturação do substrato, de acordo com o NaCl adicionado. Com base nas taxas de evapotranspiração real e nas trocas gasosas foliares, o efeito osmótico do sal refletiu negativamente na temperatura da folha, no índice de conteúdo de clorofila e nas variáveis de fluorescência da clorofila. O aumento nos níveis de Na e Cl no extrato de saturação culminou com o aumento da disponibilidade de Ca, K e Mg na solução e com o seu acúmulo nas folhas. No entanto, as plantas pouco absorveram Na e Cl. Os resultados obtidos são indicativos de que, para uma melhor caracterização das fases osmótica e iônica do estresse salino, deve-se reduzir o nível de estresse salino e aumentar o período de avaliação

Alterações fisiológicas de soja cultivada com remineralizador de solo no Cerrado sob regimes hídricos variáveis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the soil remineralizer fine-graded mica schist (FMS) on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, yield, and grain quality under different water regimes (WRs) in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was conducted under field conditions for two years, using four WRs and three treatments: mica schist, conventional fertilization, and control. In 2017 and 2018, the following WRs were evaluated: WR1, WR2, WR3, and WR4, corresponding to a mean value of 100, 65, 44, and 28% of crop evapotranspiration replacement, respectively. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv’/Fm’), quantum yield (PSII) (ᶲFSII), and electron transport rate reduced as a function of the advanced phenological stage of soybean and the reduction in WR. Grain quality was only affected by the WR. The mica schist was statistically similar to conventional fertilization and the control in 2017 and 2018. Yield decreased due to the anticipation of soybean phenological age and WR, but there were no differences between the three treatments in 2017 and 2018. The reduction in soybean yield is attributed to stomatal closure, loss of photoprotective capacity, and damage to the photosynthetic machinery caused by drought.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do remineralizador de solo finos de mica xisto (FMS) na fisiologia, na produtividade e na qualidade de grãos de soja (Glycine max) em diferentes regimes hídricos (RHs), no Cerrado brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo durante dois anos, tendo-se utilizado quatro RHs e três tratamentos: mica xisto, adubação convencional e controle. Em 2017 e 2018, foram avaliados os seguintes RHs: RH1, RH2, RH3 e RH4, que correspondiam ao valor médio de 100, 65, 44 e 28% da reposição da evapotranspiração da cultura, respectivamente. A fotossíntese, a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a concentração interna de CO2, o rendimento quântico efetivo do fotossistema II (FSII) (Fv’/Fm’), o rendimento quântico (FSII) (ᶲFSII) e a taxa de transporte de elétrons reduziram em função do avanço da fase fenológica da soja e da redução do RH. A qualidade dos grãos foi afetada apenas pelo RH. O mica xisto foi estatisticamente semelhante à adubação convencional e ao controle em 2017 e 2018. A produtividade reduziu devido à antecipação da idade fenológica da soja e do RH, mas não houve diferenças entre os três tratamentos em 2017 e 2018. A redução da produtividade da soja é atribuída ao fechamento estomático, à perda da capacidade fotoprotetora e aos danos ao maquinário fotossintético causados pela seca

Comparing unmanned aerial multispectral and hyperspectral imagery for harmful algal bloom monitoring in artificial ponds used for fish farming

This work aimed to assess the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multi- and hyper-spectral platforms to estimate chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and cyanobacteria in experimental fishponds in Brazil. In addition to spectral resolutions, the tested platforms differ in the price, payload, imaging system, and processing. Hyperspectral airborne surveys were conducted using a push-broom system 276-band Headwall Nano-Hyperspec camera onboard a DJI Matrice 600 UAV. Multispectral airborne surveys were conducted using a global shutter-frame 4-band Parrot Sequoia camera onboard a DJI Phantom 4 UAV. Water quality field measurements were acquired using a portable fluorometer and laboratory analysis. The concentration ranged from 14.3 to 290.7 µg/L and from 0 to 112.5 µg/L for Chl-a and cyanobacteria, respectively. Forty-one Chl-a and cyanobacteria bio-optical retrieval models were tested. The UAV hyperspectral image achieved robust Chl-a and cyanobacteria assessments, with RMSE values of 32.8 and 12.1 µg/L, respectively. Multispectral images achieved Chl-a and cyanobacteria retrieval with RMSE values of 47.6 and 35.1 µg/L, respectively, efficiently mapping the broad Chl-a concentration classes. Hyperspectral platforms are ideal for the robust monitoring of Chl-a and CyanoHABs; however, the integrated platform has a high cost. More accessible multispectral platforms may represent a trade-off between the mapping efficiency and the deployment costs, provided that the multispectral cameras offer narrow spectral bands in the 660–690 nm and 700–730 nm ranges for Chl-a and in the 600–625 nm and 700–730 nm spectral ranges for cyanobacteria.Instituto de Geociências (IG

Quinoa for the Brazilian Cerrado : agronomic characteristics of elite genotypes under different water regimes

Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF, Brazil). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of 18 quinoa genotypes and modified BRS Piabiru (the currently used genotype), and the split-plots were divided into 4 different water regimes. The following variables were evaluated: productivity and productivity per unit of applied water (PUAA), plant height, flavonoids, anthocyanins, gas exchange, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and relative water content. Our results showed that water regimes between 309 and 389 mm can be recommended for quinoa in the Cerrado region. CPAC6 and CPAC13 presented the highest yield and PUAA under high and intermediate WRs, and hence were the most suitable for winter growth under irrigation. CPAC17 is most suitable for off-season growth under rainfed conditions, as it presented the highest PUAA under the low WRs (247 and 150). CPAC9 stood out in terms of accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all WRs. Physiological analyses revealed different responses of the genotypes to water restriction, together with symptoms of stress under lower water regimes. Our study reinforces the importance of detailed analyses of the relationship between productivity, physiology, and water use when choosing genotypes for planting and harvest in different seasons

Physiological changes in soybean cultivated with soil remineralizer in the Cerrado under variable water regimes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the soil remineralizer fine-graded mica schist (FMS) on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, yield, and grain quality under different water regimes (WRs) in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was conducted under field conditions for two years, using four WRs and three treatments: mica schist, conventional fertilization, and control. In 2017 and 2018, the following WRs were evaluated: WR1, WR2, WR3, and WR4, corresponding to a mean value of 100, 65, 44, and 28% of crop evapotranspiration replacement, respectively. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv’/Fm’), quantum yield (PSII) (ᶲFSII), and electron transport rate reduced as a function of the advanced phenological stage of soybean and the reduction in WR. Grain quality was only affected by the WR. The mica schist was statistically similar to conventional fertilization and the control in 2017 and 2018. Yield decreased due to the anticipation of soybean phenological age and WR, but there were no differences between the three treatments in 2017 and 2018. The reduction in soybean yield is attributed to stomatal closure, loss of photoprotective capacity, and damage to the photosynthetic machinery caused by drought