Evaluation of bias correction methods for a multivariate drought index: case study of the Upper Jhelum Basin

Bias correction (BC) is often a necessity to improve the applicability of global and regional climate model (GCM and RCM, respectively) outputs to impact assessment studies, which usually depend on multiple potentially dependent variables. To date, various BC methods have been developed which adjust climate variables separately (univariate BC) or jointly (multivariate BC) prior to their application in impact studies (i.e., the component-wise approach). Another possible approach is to first calculate the multivariate hazard index from the original, biased simulations and bias-correct the impact model output or index itself using univariate methods (direct approach). This has the advantage of circumventing the difficulties associated with correcting the inter-variable dependence of climate variables which is not considered by univariate BC methods. Using a multivariate drought index (i.e., standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index´ SPEI) as an example, the present study compares different state-of-the-art BC methods (univariate and multivariate) and BC approaches (direct and component-wise) applied to climate model simulations stemming from different experiments at different spatial resolutions (namely Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), CORDEX Coordinated Output for Regional Evaluations (CORDEX-CORE), and 6th Coupled Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)). The BC methods are calibrated and evaluated over the same historical period (1986-2005). The proposed framework is demonstrated as a case study over a transboundary watershed, i.e., the Upper Jhelum Basin (UJB) in the Western Himalayas. Results show that (1) there is some added value of multivariate BC methods over the univariate methods in adjusting the inter-variable relationship; however, comparable performance is found for SPEI indices. (2) The best-performing BC methods exhibit a comparable performance under both approaches with a slightly better performance for the direct approach. (3) The added value of the high-resolution experiments (CORDEX-CORE) compared to their coarser-resolution counterparts (CORDEX) is not apparent in this study.This research has been supported by the cooperation agreement PFK PhD program 2019–2022 “Partnership for Knowledge-Platform 2: Health and WASH (WAter Sanitation and good Hygiene)” of the AICS-Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, the Erasmus Traineeship Program, Project COMPOUND (TED2021-131334A-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR, and the Horizon 2020 project IS-ENES3 (grant agreement no. 824084)