275 research outputs found

    Molecular Basis for Defining the Pineal Gland and Pinealocytes as Targets for Tumor Necrosis Factor

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    The pineal gland, the gland that translates darkness into an endocrine signal by releasing melatonin at night, is now considered a key player in the mounting of an innate immune response. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the first pro-inflammatory cytokine to be released by an inflammatory response, suppresses the translation of the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis (arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase, Aanat). Here, we show that TNF receptors of the subtype 1 (TNF-R1) are expressed by astrocytes, microglia, and pinealocytes. We also show that the TNF signaling reduces the level of inhibitory nuclear factor kappa B protein subtype A (NFKBIA), leading to the nuclear translocation of two NFKB dimers, p50/p50, and p50/RelA. The lack of a transactivating domain in the p50/p50 dimer suggests that this dimer is responsible for the repression of Aanat transcription. Meanwhile, p50/RelA promotes the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the production of nitric oxide, which inhibits adrenergically induced melatonin production. Together, these data provide a mechanistic basis for considering pinealocytes a target of TNF and reinforce the idea that the suppression of pineal melatonin is one of the mechanisms involved in mounting an innate immune response

    Saúde pública brasileira: barreiras na gestão e no acesso dos serviços de saúde/ Brazilian public health: barriers in the management and access of health services

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    O presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise histórica sobre os problemas relacionados à saúde pública, propor soluções e formas coerentes de transformação social a partir do acesso à saúde por parte da população. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), indexando as bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências (LILACS), Scientific Library Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF). sendo utilizados os descritores: “Acesso aos serviços de saúde”, “Gestão em Saúde”, “Sistema Único de Saúde” e “Saúde Pública”. Tais descritores foram cruzados utilizando o operador booleano AND e OR. Foram identificados inicialmente 798 estudos nas bases elencas e, após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, apenas 08 estudos foram selecionados para composição e análise do estudo. A análise dos estudos aponta que discutir a saúde e as novas perspectivas para o Brasil é muito mais que falar sobre corrupção, problemas na gestão, dificuldades no acesso e omissão por parte do Estado. Esta discussão, em suma, tem base no planejamento e na reconstrução do cenário atual e superação dos velhos paradigmas. Por isso, a saúde é caracterizada como algo bastante complexo e que depende do apoio e incentivo de diversos órgãos e instituições. Conclui-se que faz-se necessário, por isso, uma quebra de velhos paradigmas impostos que tendem a restringir um bom investimento na saúde, a não corrupção e um bom gerenciamento do SUS

    Measurement of the W boson polarisation in ttˉt\bar{t} events from pp collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 8 TeV in the lepton + jets channel with ATLAS

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    Measurements of top-quark pair differential cross-sections in the eμe\mu channel in pppp collisions at s=13\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV using the ATLAS detector

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    Charged-particle distributions at low transverse momentum in s=13\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV pppp interactions measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

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    Search for dark matter in association with a Higgs boson decaying to bb-quarks in pppp collisions at s=13\sqrt s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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    Measurement of jet fragmentation in Pb+Pb and pppp collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{{s_\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

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    Search for new phenomena in events containing a same-flavour opposite-sign dilepton pair, jets, and large missing transverse momentum in s=\sqrt{s}= 13 pppp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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    Measurement of the bbb\overline{b} dijet cross section in pp collisions at s=7\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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    TLR4 and CD14 receptors expressed in rat pineal gland trigger NFKB pathway

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    Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFKB), a pivotal player in inflammatory responses, is constitutively expressed in the pineal gland. Corticosterone inhibits pineal NFKB leading to an enhancement of melatonin production, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF) leads to inhibition of Aa-nat transcription and the production of N-acetylserotonin in cultured glands. the reduction in nocturnal melatonin surge favors the mounting of the inflammatory response. Despite these data, there is no clear evidence of the ability of the pineal gland to recognize molecules that signal infection. This study investigated whether the rat pineal gland expresses receptors for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin from the membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, and to establish the mechanism of action of LPS. Here, we show that pineal glands possess both CD14 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), membrane proteins that bind LPS and trigger the NFKB pathway. LPS induced the nuclear translocation of p50/p50 and p50/RELA dimers and the synthesis of TNF. the maximal expression of TNF in cultured glands coincides with an increase in the expression of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) in isolated pinealocytes. in addition, LPS inhibited the synthesis of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Therefore, the pineal gland transduces Gram-negative endotoxin stimulation by producing TNF and inhibiting melatonin synthesis. Here, we provide evidence to reinforce the idea of an immune-pineal axis, showing that the pineal gland is a constitutive player in the innate immune response.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ São Paulo, Lab Cronofarmacol, Inst Biociencias, BR-05508900 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Dept Speech Language & Hearing Therapy, Marilia, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pharmacol, Sect Expt Endocrinol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pharmacol, Sect Expt Endocrinol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2006/57009-6FAPESP: 2007/07871-6CNPq: 484206-2006-0Web of Scienc
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