INVENTÁRIO E DIAGNÓSTICO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA VIÁRIA DE RIO BRANCO, AC

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido dentro do perímetro urbano da cidade de Rio BrancoAC, localizada entre as coordenadas geográficas de 9°58’29’’ de latitude sul e 67°48’36’’ de longitude oeste. Teve como objetivo geral o levantamento e diagnóstico da arborização viária. A metodologia estatística utilizada foi definida tomando-se como unidade amostral o quarteirão. Encontrou-se pouquíssimos espécimes nas calçadas dos quarteirões amostrados, totalizando 292 indivíduos distribuídos por 39 espécies, sendo 11 nativas e 28 exóticas. A média por quarteirão foi de 1,83 árvores, e por quilômetro de calçada foi de 4,57 árvores. Concluiu-se que o número de árvores existentes nas calçadas foi muito pequeno, tendo-se como referência 100 árvores por quilômetro de calçada como ideal. A maioria das espécies encontrada era exótica (78,57%), a despeito da cidade encontrar-se numa região com uma das maiores diversidades de espécies arbóreas do planeta. Quanto ao estado físico, a copa normal foi predominante, exceto na região central. As recomendações indicadas foram primeiramente de se elaborar um plano de arborização urbana para o município, contendo referências técnicas para escolha das espécies, técnicas de manejo e programa de educação ambiental

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

Investment in SARS-CoV-2 sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences generated, now exceeding 100,000 genomes, used to track the pandemic on the continent. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries able to sequence domestically, and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround time and more regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and shed light on the distinct dispersal dynamics of Variants of Concern, particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve, while the continent faces many emerging and re-emerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance.

Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern-particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron-on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Tuberculose e leite: elementos para a história de uma polêmica Tuberculosis and milk: elements of a polemic

Pode o ser humano contrair tuberculose pela ingestão do leite de vacas tuberculosas? São efetivos o diagnóstico e o controle da tuberculose bovina para a proteção da população humana? Questões como estas estiveram em pauta no pensamento médico paulistano no início do século XX. O presente estudo procurou reconstituir elementos da polêmica travada em São Paulo, com o intuito de incentivar a divulgação de dados suplementares sobre a matéria. Aqui são apresentadas indicações sintéticas das posições em confronto: de um lado, as preocupações em intensificar as ações de controle do gado tuberculoso; de outro, o cuidado de não prejudicar os criadores nacionais com a demanda de precauções adicionais, as quais se temia serem lesivas à comercialização do produto. O acompanhamento das intervenções sobre o tema na imprensa médica permitiu identificar a preponderância da primeira posição, com conseqüências para o controle sanitário de alimentos.<br>Can human beings get tuberculosis from the milk taken from cows infected with tuberculosis? Are the diagnosis and control of cattle tuberculosis effective for the protection of human populations? Questions such as these were the main concern of doctors from São Paulo at the beginning of the twentieth century. The present study tried to recover elements from the polemic that took place in São Paulo, in order to encourage the coming up of complementary facts about such matter. The article presents some indicators of confronting positions: on one hand, the goal of intensifying the control of tuberculosis among the cattle; on the other hand, the attempt not to bring up any loss to national cattle raisers through the demand of additional precaution measures, which would affect the production and distribution of their products. Medical publications kept records of the interventions, which have allowed the author to identify the first position as the stronger one, which has brought up relevant consequences for the sanitary food control

Efeito de diferentes aditivos sobre os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e digestibilidade da silagem de maracujá Effects of different additives on the content of crude protein, ether extract and coefficient of digestibility of silage of passion fruit residue

Com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e a digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS) da silagem de resíduo de maracujá em mistura com diferentes aditivos, em níveis crescentes de adição, foi conduzido este estudo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema fatorial do tipo (3 x 4) + 1, sendo três aditivos (bagaço de cana (BC), casca de café (CC) e sabugo de milho (SM) em quatro níveis de adição (10, 15, 20 e 25%) e um tratamento testemunha (resíduo de maracujá puro ensilado). O material experimental foi ensilado em silos de PVC adaptados com válvula tipo "Bunsen" com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg cada. Apenas o aditivo CC promoveu aumento dos teores de PB. O aditivo CC foi o que mais contribuiu para a redução dos teores de EE. Os valores de DIVMS permitiram classificar as silagens como de boa ou média qualidade, à exceção da silagem aditivada de SM.Aminig to evaluate the content of crude protein, ether extract and the coefficient of "in vitro" dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of passion fruit residue silage in mixture with different additives at increasing levels of addition, this study was undertaken. The experimental design utilized was the completely randomized, with four replicates. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme of the (3 x 4) + 1 type, with three treatments as follow (sugar cane bagasse (CB), coffee hulls (HC) and corn cob (CC) at four levels of addition (10, 15, 20 and 25%) and a control treatment (ensiled unmixed passion fruit residue). The experimental material was ensiled in PVC silos, fitted with a "Bunsen" type valve, with a capacity of about 3 kg each. Only the additive CH increased in the crude protein contents. CC was the one which contributed to the reduction of ether extract contents. The values of IVDMD allowed to classify the silages as good or of medium quality, except the silage which additive was CC

Qualidade da silagem de resíduo de manga com diferentes aditivos Quality of mango residue silage with different additives

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da silagem de resíduo de manga (Mangifera indica L.) em mistura com diferentes aditivos, em níveis crescentes de adição, foi conduzido este estudo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema fatorial do tipo (4 x 3) + 1, sendo quatro aditivos (milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo (MDPS), palha de feijão (PF), sabugo de milho (SM) e casca de café (CC)) em três níveis de adição (10, 20 e 30%) e um tratamento testemunha (resíduo de manga puro ensilado). O material experimental foi ensilado em silos de PVC adaptados com válvula tipo "Bunsen" com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg cada. Todos os aditivos utilizados elevaram os teores de MS. À medida que se aumentou os níveis de adição dos aditivos, houve uma redução nos valores de poder tampão (PT). Os valores de pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3 /%N total) mantiveram-se dentro dos padrões indicativos de um bom processo fermentativo. O padrão de fermentação das silagens aditivadas foi satisfatório, sem haver comprometimento na qualidade destas. Os aditivos milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo, palha de feijão ou casca de café podem ser adicionados ao processo de ensilagem do resíduo de manga nos níveis de adição de 20 ou 30%, melhorando seu padrão fermentativo.<br>With the objective to evaluate the quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) residue silage in mixture with different additives at growing levels of addition, this study was undertaken. The experimental design utilized was the completely randomized, with three replicates. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (4 x 3) + 1 type and the additives being four (ground ears with husks (GEWH), bean straw (BS), corn cob (CC) and coffee hull (CH)) at three levels of addition (10, 20 and 30%) and a control treatment (ensiled unmixed mango residue). The experimental material was ensiled in PVC silos, fitted with a "Bunsen" type valve, with a capacity of about 3 kg each. All the additives utilized raised the DM contents of the silages. As the levels of addition of the additives were increased, there was a reduction in the values of buffering power (PT). The values of pH and ammoniac nitrogen (N-NH3 /%total N) were maintained within the indicative standard of a goof fermentative process. The fermentation standard of silages with additives was satisfactory with no damage in their quality. The additives GEWH, BS or CH may be added to the process of ensiling the mango residue at the levels of addition of 20 or 30%, to improve its fermentative standard for silages of good quality