Correlación entre Estilos de Enseñanza y el Involucramiento en el Trabajo en los Docentes de la Universidad Católica San Pablo, Arequipa – 2018

El enunciado de la presente investigación se titula : “CORRELACIÓN ENTRE ESTILOS DE ENSEÑANZA Y EL INVOLUCRAMIENTO EN EL TRABAJO EN LOS DOCENTES DE UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SAN PABLO, AREQUIPA - 2018. Para orientar el desarrollo de la investigación se planteo el siguiente objetivo general que consiste en determinar cuáles son los estilos de enseñanza más predominantes entre los docentes de la Universidad Católica San Pablo y asi mismo el involucramiento como factor importante. Para ello, se evaluó a 120 profesores universitarios mediante el Cuestionario de Estilos de Enseñanza de Grasha y la Escala de Involucramiento en el Trabajo de Lodahl y Kejner. Los datos fueron comparados en función del sexo, el grado de instrucción y la profesión de los docentes, se realizaron correlaciones y análisis de regresión para valorar la relación entre las variables de estudio. Se aplicarán dos instrumentos: el Cuestionario de Estilos de Enseñanza de Anthony Grasha y la Escala de Involucramiento en el Trabajo de Lodahl y Kejner Los resultados indican que los estilos de enseñanza más predominantes entre los profesores de la muestra fueron el Experto, el Facilitador y de Modelo personal. Asimismo, las dimensiones más altas del involucramiento laboral fueron el Compromiso con el trabajo y el Fluir en el trabajo. El involucramiento en el trabajo se relacionó de manera moderada con los estilos Experto y Modelo personal, pero solo el estilo de enseñanza Experto tuvo impacto positivo y significativo en el involucramiento en el trabajo. Palabras clave: Estilos de enseñanza, involucramiento en el trabajo, docente universitario.Tesi

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030