Ocorrência e fatores de risco para Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos da região de Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil

A toxoplasmose e neosporose são doenças que podem afetar os animais de produção causando perdas econômicas significativas. Sabendo disso, foram determinados os fatores de risco e a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em 81 ovinos de sete propriedades da região de Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorêscencia Indireta (RIFI) e foi observada uma frequência de 40,74% para T. gondii e de 3,70% para N. caninum. Os fatores de risco pressupostos para ambas as infecções foram: o contato direto dos ovinos com felinos, para T. gondii, e com cães para N. caninum, presença de aborto no rebanho e o acesso de outras espécies animais ao mesmo bebedouro dos ovinos. Por meio do Teste Exato de Fisher foram calculados o IC (95%), Odds ratio e o valor de p, os quais não revelaram associação entre a ocorrência de anticorpos e os fatores de riscos analisados. Pode-se afirmar que os protozoários T. gondii e N. caninum estão presentes entre os rebanhos de ovinos dessa região.Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are diseases that may affect production animals and cause significant economic losses. Given the importance of this fact, risk factors and occurrence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum were determined for 81 sheep in seven farms of the Guarapuava region, state of Paraná, Brazil. Indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) showed antibody frequency of 40.74% for T. gondii and 3.70% for N. caninum. The risk factors evaluated were: for T. gondii, direct contact of sheep with cats and for N. caninum, with dogs; abortion in the herd; and access of other animal species to the same water tank used by the sheep. CI (95%), Odds Ratio, and p value were determined by Fisher Exact Test. No statistical difference was observed between the occurrence of antibodies and risk factors associated with the presence of antibodies against both parasites. It may be stated that the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum are found in the sheep herds of this region.

Experimental infection with Brazilian Newcastle disease virus strain in pigeons and chickens

AbstractThis study was designed with the goal of adding as much information as possible about the role of pigeons (Columba livia) and chickens (Gallus gallus) in Newcastle disease virus epidemiology. These species were submitted to direct experimental infection with Newcastle disease virus to evaluate interspecies transmission and virus-host relationships. The results obtained in four experimental models were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of virus shedding. These techniques revealed that both avian species, when previously immunized with a low pathogenic Newcastle disease virus strain (LaSota), developed high antibody titers that significantly reduced virus shedding after infection with a highly pathogenic Newcastle disease virus strain (São Joao do Meriti) and that, in chickens, prevent clinical signs. Infected pigeons shed the pathogenic strain, which was not detected in sentinel chickens or control birds. When the presence of Newcastle disease virus was analyzed in tissue samples by RT-PCR, in both species, the virus was most frequently found in the spleen. The vaccination regimen can prevent clinical disease in chickens and reduce viral shedding by chickens or pigeons. Biosecurity measures associated with vaccination programs are crucial to maintain a virulent Newcastle disease virus-free status in industrial poultry in Brazil

Detecção de Chlamydophila felis e Herpesvirus felino tipo 1 em felídeo não doméstico no Brasil

Little is known about the occurrence of feline upper respiratory tract disease agents, namely Feline Herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) and Chlamydophila felis, and co-infection of these agents with Feline Immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in non-domestic felids in Brazil. Between 2009 and 2010, 72 conjunctival swab and serum samples were collected from eight non-domestic felid species (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi, Oncifelis colocolo, and Panthera onca) maintained in captivity in Brazilian zoos. DNA extracted from conjunctival swabs were used in PCR assays for the detection of Chlamydophila sp, FHV-1, and retrovirus DNA, respectively. Antibodies to FIV and FeLV antigen were detected in non-domestic felid serum samples using a commercial ELISA kit. Antibodies to FIV were found only in five (6.9%) felids. No sampled non-domestic felid was positive for FeLV antigen detection. One (1.3%) out of 72 non-domestic felid conjunctival swab samples was positive for Chlamydophilasp. and Feline Herpesvirus-1 in PCR. This felid was an ocelot and was negative for FIV and FeLV. The results of this survey showed the occurrence of co-infection with C. felis and FHV-1 in an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in Brazil. Poucos trabalhos descrevem a ocorrência dos agentes do complexo respiratório felino, Herpesvírus Felino tipo 1 (FHV-1) e Chlamydophila felis, e a coinfecção com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e leucemia viral felina (FeLV) em felinos não domésticos no Brasil. Entre 2009 e 2010, 72 amostras de swab de conjuntiva e de soro foram coletados de oito espécies de felinos não domésticos (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi, Oncifelis colocolo, and Panthera onca) mantidos em cativeiro em zoológicos brasileiros. O DNA foi extraído das amostras de swab de conjuntiva para detecção de Chlamydophila sp e FHV-1 pela PCR. Anticorpos para FIV e antígeno para FeLV foram determinados pelo kit comercial de ELISA. Anticorpos para FIV foram detectados em cinco felídeos (6,9%). Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para a presença de antígeno de FeLV. Um (1,3%) dos 72 felinos não domésticos apresentou fragmentos de DNA de Chlamydophila sp e FHV-1 pela PCR. Este felino era uma jaguatirica que não apresentou anticorpos para FIV e nem antígeno para FelV. Estes resultados demonstram a ocorrência de coinfecção de C. felis e FHV-1 em uma jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) no Brasil

Novel parvoviruses from wild and domestic animals in Brazil provide new insights into parvovirus distribution and diversity

Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are small, single-stranded DNA viruses. Many parvoviral pathogens of medical, veterinary and ecological importance have been identified. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to investigate the diversity of parvoviruses infecting wild and domestic animals in Brazil. We identified 21 parvovirus sequences (including twelve nearly complete genomes and nine partial genomes) in samples derived from rodents, bats, opossums, birds and cattle in Pernambuco, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states. These sequences were investigated using phylogenetic and distance-based approaches and were thereby classified into eight parvovirus species (six of which have not been described previously), representing six distinct genera in the subfamily Parvovirinae. Our findings extend the known biogeographic range of previously characterized parvovirus species and the known host range of three parvovirus genera (Dependovirus, Aveparvovirus and Tetraparvovirus). Moreover, our investigation provides a window into the ecological dynamics of parvovirus infections in vertebrates, revealing that many parvovirus genera contain well-defined sub-lineages that circulate widely throughout the world within particular taxonomic groups of hosts

Viral diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus parasitizing cattle in southern Brazil

Ticks are ectoparasites spread worldwide and are well known as vectors of many viruses of great importance to human and animal health. However, the viral diversity in ticks is still poorly understood, particularly in South America. Here we characterized the viral diversity present in Rhipicephalus microplus parasitizing cattle in the southern region of Brazil using metagenomics. Our study revealed the presence of viruses that had not been previously described in the region, including lihan tick virus (Phenuiviridae family) and wuhan tick virus 2 (Chuviridae family), as well as expands the biogeography of jingmen tick virus (Flaviviridae family) in Brazil. Also, we described three novel tymoviruses (Tymovirales order), named guarapuava tymovirus-like 1 to 3. We described the genomic and phylogenetic characterization of these viruses. Our study sheds light on the viral diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus in South America, and also expands the biogeography of tick viruses that were previously described only in Asia

PESQUISA DE AGENTES ZOONÓTICOS EM FEZES DE CÃES EM GUARAPUAVA – PR

: Cães são importantes hospedeiros de endoparasitas, inclusive de caráter zoonótico, sendo assim, torna-se relevante monitorar índices parasitários a fim de controlar e minimizar a contaminação animal e consequentemente humana. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio de exames coproparasitológicos realizados no Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (LADIP – UNICENTRO), a presença de parasitos gastrointestinais de caráter zoonótico em amostras fecais de cães atendidos na Clínica Escola de Medicina Veterinária – CEVET da Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, em Guarapuava – PR, durante o ano de 2019. Pelas técnicas de Willis-Mollay, Faust et al. e Hoffman, Pons e Janer foram examinadas 112 amostras fecais em que 41,1% (46/112) apresentaram-se positivas para um ou mais parasitas gastrointestinais. Ancylostoma spp. obteve a maior frequência (50%) seguido por Toxocara spp. (26,1%), Cystoisospora (19,5%), Trichuris vulpis (17,5%) e Giardia spp. (15,2%). Dipylidium caninum e Strongyloides spp. apresentaram-se com menor ocorrência (2,2%). Devido ao alto número de animais positivos relatados com a presença de parasitos zoonóticos, o diagnóstico e controle dessas parasitoses são de enorme relevância para o bem-estar dos animais e da população. Dessa forma, evidencia-se a necessidade de medidas preventivas, com a indicação e supervisão do Médico Veterinário, para que diminuam a ocorrência dessas parasitoses e suas possíveis transmissões aos seres humanos, reforçando a importância da Saúde Únic

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Evaluation of infectivity, potential of transmission, reservoirs state and humoral immune response of pigeon (Columba livia) experimentally infected with low and high pathogenicity strains of Newcastle Disease virus (N.D.V.) of high and low pathogenicity.

A Doença de Newcastle (DN) é uma enfermidade de etiologia viral e de rápido poder de disseminação. Um grande número de espécies aviárias é susceptível ao Vírus da Doença de Newcastle (VDN). Entre estas aves, o pombo doméstico (Columba livia), tem sido incriminado como hospedeiro e disseminador da DN. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o comportamento de pombos frente ao VDN. Foram avaliadas a patogenia da doença e a cinética da RIH de pombos submetidos à vacinação com estirpes vivas (LaSota) e a infecção experimental com estirpe patogênica (São João do Meriti) para galinhas (Gallus gallus), para avaliar os papéis desempenhados por estas como possíveis reservatórios do VDN. A resposta sorológica foi mensurada com a técnica de HI e a eliminação do genoma viral avaliada com a técnica de RT-PCR. Foi observado que as estirpes vacinas produziram títulos elevados de anticorpos, tanto nas aves vacinadas como nas sentinelas. Na infecção experimental, demonstramos que a estirpe patogênica não produziu a doença clínica em pombos, porém promoveu a formação de anticorpos, bem como a eliminação do genoma viral. Também foi comprovada a alta infectividade do agente, tendo em vista que aves sentinelas apresentaram níveis de anticorpos elevados, nos mesmos patamares das aves infectadas.Newcastle Disease (ND), is a highly contagious disease of viral etiology and several bird species are susceptible this disease. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia), has been regarded as a host and disseminating agent of ND. Therefore, a study was carried out in order to evaluate the responses of pigeons naturally or experimentally infected with this pathogen and the possible role of these birds as potential reservoirs of NDV. The disease pathogenesis and the kinetics of the host humoral immune response were studied in pigeons subjected to vaccination with live NDV strains (LaSota) and to experimental infection with a NDV strain (São João do Meriti) that affects domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). The serological response was measured by HI and the elimination of the viral genome was evaluated by RT-PCR. Vaccine strains induced high antibody levels, both in vaccinated and in sentinel birds. Clinical signs of the disease were not induced by the pathogenic strain in experimentally infected pigeons, although there was antibody production, as well as elimination of the viral genome. The high infectivity of the agent was also confirmed, since the sentinels birds presented high antibody levels, which were similar to the levels produced by infected birds

Occurrence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep of the Guarapuava region, Paraná, Brazil

Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are diseases that may affect production animals and cause significant economic losses. Given the importance of this fact, risk factors and occurrence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum were determined for 81 sheep in seven farms of the Guarapuava region, state of Paraná, Brazil. Indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) showed antibody frequency of 40.74% for T. gondii and 3.70% for N. caninum. The risk factors evaluated were: for T. gondii, direct contact of sheep with cats and for N. caninum, with dogs; abortion in the herd; and access of other animal species to the same water tank used by the sheep. CI (95%), Odds Ratio, and p value were determined by Fisher Exact Test. No statistical difference was observed between the occurrence of antibodies and risk factors associated with the presence of antibodies against both parasites. It may be stated that the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum are found in the sheep herds of this region