1,008 research outputs found

    History and Narrative: An Overview

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    The articles in this section draw on the texts of plenary lectures presented at the seventh Narrative Matters Conference, Narrative Knowing/RĂ©cit et Savoir, organized at the UniversitĂ© Paris Diderot, in partnership with the American University of Paris, from June 23-27, 2014. Philippe Carrard’s article, “History and Narrative: An Overview,” is a sequel to his latest book, Le PassĂ© mis en texte: PoĂ©tique de l’historiographie française contemporaine [The Past in Textual Form: A Poetics of Contemporary French Historiography]. In this work, Carrard (2014) sets himself the task of examining, as a scholar of poetics, the writing protocols and conventions used by historians when they finally present the data they have gathered in textual form. One of the major questions of the work concerns to what extent the authors resort to narrative form: does the discourse of the historian always take the form of a narrative and, if not, under what non-narrative forms can it be structured? In the article presented here, Carrard begins by providing an overview of the Anglo-American debate over the cognitive value of narrative in historiography. He opposes this debate, involving mostly analytical philosophers, to the controversies about the relations between narrative and historiography in France, which involve trade historians (starting with the anti-narrativist position of the Annales School). Then he wonders whether literary theory can contribute to these debates. Whereas philosophers and historians raised the question, “Does narrative provide a legitimate kind of knowledge?” literary theorists will simply ask, “Do historians rely on narrative? And if they do, on what kind of narrative?” Answering these questions, of course, includes defining what is meant by “narrative,” something which philosophers and historians, who seem to take the term for granted, often fail to do and which Carrard succeeds in doing, using the works of Gerald Prince, James Phelan, and other theorists of literary narrative. He then shows that a large part of the historians’ production does not fall under narrative, at least not as this term is defined in literary theory, but rather presents itself as what he calls “pictures” (“tableaux”), “analyses,” or “anthropological descriptions.” In his conclusion, he reviews some of the epistemological problems raised by the modes of disposition or arrangement he has described. (Patron & Schiff, 2015

    Writing the Past: Le Roy Ladurie and the Voice of the New History

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    Just as in fiction, discursive strategies in history can reveal the very nature of a project. The positivist historiography that prevailed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries regarded historical facts as givens. Accordingly, it held as its ideal of writing the objective text, that is. the text from which the historian\u27s mediation would be carefully erased. The New History, on the other hand, considers all research to be grounded in a researcher and seeks to indicate by various means that the text does not generate itself. In Carnival in Romans, for example, Le Roy Ladurie explicitly resorts to various facets of the I : that of the histor, going about the job of uncovering the evidence: that of the commentator, providing historical parallels and explanations; and even that of the emotional self (Barthes\u27 personne passionnelle), making judgments on events and people in the narrative. These changes in writing conventions point to the emergence of a new historical paradigm. At the same time, they overturn the view of the historical text as a non-problematic vehicle for reporting reality : this text, for the New Historians, becomes a construct, and is presented as such

    Hayden White, Postmodern Anxieties, and the Linguis-tic Turn

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    This essay examines what remains of the Linguistic turn (LT) after Hay-den White, in the two meanings of the preposition “after”: “subsequent to” and “according to”. For White, the LT (under the umbrella of post-modernism) has made it possible to transcend a number of distinctions, such as those between text and context, fact and fiction, and history and literature. Those distinctions, however, are still defended by a large part of the historical community, including by scholars involved in exper-imental works, such as I. Jablonka. Furthermore, some philosophers hold the debates about the LT to be irrelevant. The specificity of history, for them, does not reside in its formal aspects (e.g., its use of narra-tive), but in its relations to evidence. History, like all scientific disciplines, must validate its statements, namely, establish that they are well founded and justified

    Legal and institutional arrangements for urban sanitation and hygiene in Bhutan

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    This review explores the legal and institutional frameworks guiding urban sanitation and hygiene in Bhutan. It was commissioned in April 2012 to inform the Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All in Small Towns (SSH4A in Small Towns) programme being undertaken by SNV Bhutan and the Ministry of Works and Human Settlements (MoWHS). This review is the product of a desktop review and consultations with key informants to assess the policy, legal and institutional arrangements for urban sanitation and hygiene in Bhutan, with a particular focus on situation in smaller urban centres

    Environmentally sustainable WASH? Current discourse, planetary boundaries and future directions

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    © IWA Publishing 2017. The significant challenge of achieving safe, reliable and continuous service delivery has been a focus of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector in recent years, with less attention given to other important sustainability considerations such as environmental sustainability. The agenda set by the Sustainable Development Goals prompts a wider lens, bringing water resource management and ecosystem conservation together with water and sanitation access targets in one integrated goal. As we grapple with our approach to this new agenda, it is timely to reflect on how we, as a sector, engage with environmental sustainability. This paper reviews recent literature at the intersection of WASH and environmental sustainability to identify current themes and future directions. Analysis of academic and non-academic sources was undertaken and then situated with reference to the planetary boundaries framework as a useful lens to ground the socio-ecological systems and processes upon which environmental sustainability depends. Findings point to both opportunities and gaps within current sector thinking, which can drive leadership from knowledge and research institutions towards better integration of access and environmental sustainability imperatives

    Gender in patient-physician interactions

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    Female leaders are typically evaluated less favorably than their male counterparts. Since physicians are perceived as being high in status and power just like leaders, we propose to examine to what extent female doctors are affected by the same evaluations as female leaders in general. We present a review of the literature showing how the sex of the physician and the patient, as well as the sex composition of the physician-patient dyad affect the interaction behaviour of physicians and patients during the medical interaction and the interaction outcomes. Moreover, there are differences in how female and male doctors are perceived and evaluated by their patients and both of these aspects affect consultation outcomes. We examine how gender stereotypes can explain those differences of perception and evaluation of male and female physicians

    Food addiction: conceptualisation, liens avec les troubles des conduites alimentaires et implications : travail de Bachelor

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    Introduction : Le concept d’addiction Ă  l’alimentation (FA) est trĂšs populaire depuis une quinzaine d’annĂ©es et beaucoup de littĂ©rature traite du sujet. Cependant, ce concept reste peu clair et trĂšs controversĂ©. Beaucoup de questions restent Ă©galement en suspens sur le lien possible entre l’addiction Ă  l’alimentation et les troubles des conduites alimentaires (TCA). But et questions de recherche : Dans ce contexte, ce travail de Bachelor a pour but de contribuer Ă  explorer ce lien. Pour ce faire, deux questions de recherche ont Ă©tĂ© posĂ©es : 1. Quelles sont les corrĂ©lations entre addiction Ă  l’alimentation et troubles des conduites alimentaires dans une population adulte ? 2. Que pensent diffĂ©rents professionnels de la santĂ© de l’addiction Ă  l’alimentation, reconnaissent-ils son existence, quels liens font-ils avec les troubles des conduites alimentaires et quelles implications voient-ils pour la prise en charge et les traitements ? MĂ©thodologie : Ce travail est composĂ© d’une revue de littĂ©rature, en premiĂšre partie, afin d’effectuer un Ă©tat des lieux du lien entre la FA et les TCA. En complĂ©ment, une deuxiĂšme partie a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sous forme d’enquĂȘte qualitative auprĂšs de divers professionnels de la santĂ© afin de rĂ©pondre Ă  la deuxiĂšme question de recherche. RĂ©sultats : La FA est effectivement corrĂ©lĂ©e aux TCA, mais le chevauchement entre les deux n’est pas total. La boulimie nerveuse et les accĂšs hyperphagiques sont les deux TCA oĂč la FA est la plus prĂ©valente. Les professionnels ne voient pas l’intĂ©rĂȘt d’un diagnostic Ă  part entiĂšre pour la FA et pensent que la FA et les TCA sont identiques suivant les critĂšres utilisĂ©s pour les dĂ©finir. De plus, ils ne pensent pas que les traitements changeraient de maniĂšre significative si le diagnostic de FA Ă©tait reconnu. Conclusion : Il subsiste une absence de consensus pour dĂ©finir le concept de FA. Ce travail qui englobe la littĂ©rature scientifique ainsi que les avis des professionnels du terrain, aide nĂ©anmoins Ă  la comprĂ©hension du concept de FA et donne des pistes pour les recherches futures

    Exploring processes for participation and accountability: A learning paper

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    This Learning Paper is about mechanisms and processes for participation and accountability (P&A) in the Solomon Islands (SI) community development sector. The paper draws on experiences of six non- government organisations (NGOs) under the AusAID-funded Solomon Islands NGO Partnership Agreement (SINPA) running from 2009-2014

    Les stratégies pré-conceptionnelles pour une perte de poids en vue d'une amélioration de la fertilité chez les femmes en surpoids/obÚses: travail de Bachelor

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    Contexte : L’obĂ©sitĂ© est un problĂšme de santĂ© publique majeur. Cette maladie multifactorielle ne cesse d’augmenter avec un impact important sur l’état de santĂ© de la population. Entre autres, elle est responsable de problĂšmes de fertilitĂ© chez les femmes. L’un des moyens pour amĂ©liorer l’infertilitĂ© est la perte de poids prĂ©-conceptionnelle. Plusieurs sociĂ©tĂ©s savantes se sont penchĂ©es sur le sujet et les recommandations sont diverses et variĂ©es. Plusieurs Ă©tudes ont introduit des stratĂ©gies de perte de poids, dans l’idĂ©e de prouver son efficacitĂ© sur les rĂ©sultats de la fertilitĂ©. Les stratĂ©gies Ă©valuĂ©es sont multiples et variĂ©es Ă©galement et les rĂ©sultats diffĂšrent selon les buts des Ă©tudes. A ce jour, il n’existe aucune recommandation en termes de stratĂ©gies de perte de poids, car personne ne les a analysĂ©es et comparĂ©es. Objectifs : Identifier les stratĂ©gies de perte de poids en pĂ©riode prĂ©-conceptionnelle, utilisĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature et entreprendre une premiĂšre dĂ©marche d’analyse d’un point de vue nutritionnel et de mode de vie. Le but de ce travail d’analyse est de dĂ©terminer lesquelles sont recommandables, en regard des recommandations Ă©tablies dans le domaine de l’obĂ©sitĂ©, pour la femme en Ăąge de procrĂ©er/enceinte et de son futur enfant, et des recommandations de pratique des diĂ©tĂ©ticiens. MĂ©thodes : Nous avons effectuĂ© une revue systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature dans les bases de donnĂ©es PubMed, Google Scholar et Cochrane. Nous avons retenu les Ă©tudes de grade A/B, utilisant diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies de perte de poids en vue d’amĂ©liorer la fertilitĂ©, chez la femme en Ăąge de procrĂ©er (>18 Ă  39 ans) en surpoids/obĂšse (IMC >25 kg/m2). Nous avons relevĂ© les stratĂ©gies de perte de poids utilisĂ©es dans les Ă©tudes. Nous avons effectuĂ© une premiĂšre analyse concernant la qualitĂ© des Ă©tudes retenues. Une deuxiĂšme analyse a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e Ă  l’aide d’une grille d’analyse pour la pratique professionnelle que nous avons conçue, basĂ©e sur les critĂšres d’analyse de rĂ©gime de la pratique des diĂ©tĂ©ticiens et les recommandations suisses pour la femme en Ăąge de procrĂ©er/enceinte. Ceci dans le but de mettre en perspective la pertinence, la qualitĂ©, l’efficacitĂ© et la suretĂ© des stratĂ©gies, des rĂ©sultats de perte de poids et d’amĂ©lioration de la fertilitĂ©. RĂ©sultats : Nous avons retenu dix articles. Aucune Ă©tude n’a utilisĂ© la mĂȘme prise en charge nutritionnelle. Six Ă©tudes sur dix ont Ă©tĂ© jugĂ©es de bonne qualitĂ©. Par rapport aux rĂ©sultats de notre grille d’analyse pour la pratique professionnelle, il y avait deux stratĂ©gies de perte de poids rĂ©pondant suffisamment aux critĂšres d’analyse des rĂ©gimes et des recommandations pour la femme en Ăąge de procrĂ©er/enceinte. Certains critĂšres importants pour nos analyses manquaient et notamment, les supplĂ©mentations en vitamines et minĂ©raux, la description des suivis de perte de poids et de maintien, et enfin des mesures de compositions corporelles et des marqueurs biologiques de la fertilitĂ© prĂ©- et post-interventions. Conclusions : Il est difficile de dĂ©finir quelle stratĂ©gie de perte de poids est recommandable ou non, car certaines ont Ă©tĂ© efficientes et sĂ»res en termes de perte de poids, mais n’ont pas observĂ© d’amĂ©lioration probante de la fertilitĂ©, et vice versa. L’implication de professionnels et spĂ©cialistes de la nutrition est nĂ©cessaire afin de dĂ©finir les besoins nutritionnels individuels et d’exposer les problĂ©matiques liĂ©es Ă  la perte de poids et aux rĂ©gimes restrictifs aux femmes en surpoids/obĂšses voulant procrĂ©er. Un rĂ©gime personnalisĂ© et un suivi de maintien est important pour une perte de poids efficiente et durable
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