La pobreza monetaria y el ciclo del crecimiento económico de la Región Huánuco, 2009-2018

Objective. Economic growth and monetary poverty are very important economic variables for decision-making in public policy since they allow improving the well-being of the inhabitants of a country, for which the research work established the objective of determining the relationship between these two variables for the department of Huánuco in the period 2009 to 2018. Methods. The research approach was quantitative, applied and descriptive-correlational design. The population and sample consisted of the inhabitants of the Department of Huánuco, whose data were extracted from surveys carried out by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) from 2009 to 2018 and the Central Reserve Bank of Peru. Results. The results showed that there is a negative and average relationship between the variables: Economic growth and monetary poverty (-0.408). Conclusion. It was concluded that the relationship between economic growth and monetary poverty in the department of Huánuco is not significant.Objetivo. El crecimiento económico y la pobreza monetaria son variables económicas muy importantes para la toma de decisiones en la política pública, ya que permiten mejorar el bienestar de los habitantes de un país, por lo que el trabajo de investigación estableció como objetivo determinar la relación entre estas dos variables para el departamento de Huánuco en el período 2009 a 2018. Métodos. El enfoque de la investigación fue cuantitativo, de tipo aplicado y diseño descriptivo correlacional. La población y muestra estuvieron conformadas por los habitantes del Departamento de Huánuco, cuyos datos fueron extraídos de las encuestas realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, de 2009 a 2018, y el Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. Resultados. Los resultados arrojaron que existe una relación negativa y promedio entre las variables crecimiento económico y pobreza monetaria (-0,408). Conclusión. Se concluyó que la relación entre crecimiento económico y pobreza monetaria en el Departamento de Huánuco no es significativa

Distribución de las remuneraciones de los docentes según los niveles remunerativos en una universidad pública

Introduction. In Peru, according to the University Law Nº 30220, the salaries of the teachers of the universities must be homologated with those of judicial magistrates; however, to date this has not yet been fulfilled. However, it is necessary to point out that after more than 20 years of complaints from university professors, in 2005 the process of homologation was initiated, which has allowed an increase in remunerations; however, there are differences between categories: "auxiliary", "associate" and "main full time", taking into account that they perform the same tasks. Objective. In this context, the objective of this research is to demonstrate the distribution of teachers' salaries according to category and dedication, as well as the presence of inequalities or salary differentiation differentiation at the Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán (UNHEVAL). Methods. The Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve were used, for the period 2011-2020. Results. It was shown that the Gini coefficient yielded a value of 0.17 and the Lorenz curve is below and very close to the line of perfect equality. Conclusions. It is concluded that there are no significant differences in the salaries of the different categories of teachers at the Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán.Introducción. En Perú, de acuerdo a la Ley Universitaria N.º 30220, las remuneraciones de los docentes de las universidades deben ser homologadas con la de los magistrados judiciales; sin embargo, hasta la fecha esto aún no se ha cumplido. No obstante, es necesario resaltar que luego de más de 20 años de sendos reclamos de los docentes universitarios, en el año 2005 se inició el proceso de la homologación mencionada, lo que ha permitido un aumento de remuneraciones; sin embargo, se manifiestan diferencias entre categorías: “auxiliares”, “asociados” y “principales a tiempo completo”, teniendo en cuenta que realizan las mismas labores. Objetivo. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente investigación es demostrar la distribución que existe entre las remuneraciones de los docentes según categoría y dedicación, así como la presencia de desigualdades o diferenciación salarial en la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán (UNHEVAL). Métodos. Se ha utilizado el coeficiente de Gini y la curva de Lorenz, para el período 2011-2020. Resultados. Se evidenció que el coeficiente de Gini arrojó un valor de 0,17 y la curva de Lorenz se encuentra por debajo y muy cerca de la línea de perfecta igualdad. Conclusiones. Se concluye que no existen diferencias significativas en las remuneraciones de las diferentes categorías de docentes de la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán

Evidence of the Importance of Host Habitat Use in Predicting the Dilution Effect of Wild Boar for Deer Exposure to Anaplasma spp

Foci of tick-borne pathogens occur at fine spatial scales, and depend upon a complex arrangement of factors involving climate, host abundance and landscape composition. It has been proposed that the presence of hosts that support tick feeding but not pathogen multiplication may dilute the transmission of the pathogen. However, models need to consider the spatial component to adequately explain how hosts, ticks and pathogens are distributed into the landscape

Bovine Tuberculosis in Doñana Biosphere Reserve: The Role of Wild Ungulates as Disease Reservoirs in the Last Iberian Lynx Strongholds

Doñana National Park (DNP) in southern Spain is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve where commercial hunting and wildlife artificial feeding do not take place and traditional cattle husbandry still exists. Herein, we hypothesized that Mycobacterium bovis infection prevalence in wild ungulates will depend on host ecology and that variation in prevalence will reflect variation in the interaction between hosts and environmental risk factors. Cattle bTB reactor rates increased in DNP despite compulsory testing and culling of infected animals. In this study, 124 European wild boar, 95 red deer, and 97 fallow deer were sampled from April 2006 to April 2007 and analyzed for M. bovis infection. Modelling and GIS were used to identify risk factors and intra and inter-species relationships. Infection with M. bovis was confirmed in 65 (52.4%) wild boar, 26 (27.4%) red deer and 18 (18.5%) fallow deer. In the absence of cattle, wild boar M. bovis prevalence reached 92.3% in the northern third of DNP. Wild boar showed more than twice prevalence than that in deer (p<0.001). Modelling revealed that M. bovis prevalence decreased from North to South in wild boar (p<0.001) and red deer (p<0.01), whereas no spatial pattern was evidenced for fallow deer. Infection risk in wild boar was dependent on wild boar M. bovis prevalence in the buffer area containing interacting individuals (p<0.01). The prevalence recorded in this study is among the highest reported in wildlife. Remarkably, this high prevalence occurs in the absence of wildlife artificial feeding, suggesting that a feeding ban alone would have a limited effect on wildlife M. bovis prevalence. In DNP, M. bovis transmission may occur predominantly at the intra-species level due to ecological, behavioural and epidemiological factors. The results of this study allow inferring conclusions on epidemiological bTB risk factors in Mediterranean habitats that are not managed for hunting purposes. Our results support the need to consider wildlife species for the control of bTB in cattle and strongly suggest that bTB may affect animal welfare and conservation

Low exposure long-baseline neutrino oscillation sensitivity of the DUNE experiment

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will produce world-leading neutrino oscillation measurements over the lifetime of the experiment. In this work, we explore DUNE's sensitivity to observe charge-parity violation (CPV) in the neutrino sector, and to resolve the mass ordering, for exposures of up to 100 kiloton-megawatt-years (kt-MW-yr). The analysis includes detailed uncertainties on the flux prediction, the neutrino interaction model, and detector effects. We demonstrate that DUNE will be able to unambiguously resolve the neutrino mass ordering at a 3$\sigma$ (5$\sigma$) level, with a 66 (100) kt-MW-yr far detector exposure, and has the ability to make strong statements at significantly shorter exposures depending on the true value of other oscillation parameters. We also show that DUNE has the potential to make a robust measurement of CPV at a 3$\sigma$ level with a 100 kt-MW-yr exposure for the maximally CP-violating values \delta_{\rm CP}} = \pm\pi/2. Additionally, the dependence of DUNE's sensitivity on the exposure taken in neutrino-enhanced and antineutrino-enhanced running is discussed. An equal fraction of exposure taken in each beam mode is found to be close to optimal when considered over the entire space of interest

Identification and reconstruction of low-energy electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector

Measurements of electrons from $\nu_e$ interactions are crucial for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) neutrino oscillation program, as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model, supernova neutrino detection, and solar neutrino measurements. This article describes the selection and reconstruction of low-energy (Michel) electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. ProtoDUNE-SP is one of the prototypes for the DUNE far detector, built and operated at CERN as a charged particle test beam experiment. A sample of low-energy electrons produced by the decay of cosmic muons is selected with a purity of 95%. This sample is used to calibrate the low-energy electron energy scale with two techniques. An electron energy calibration based on a cosmic ray muon sample uses calibration constants derived from measured and simulated cosmic ray muon events. Another calibration technique makes use of the theoretically well-understood Michel electron energy spectrum to convert reconstructed charge to electron energy. In addition, the effects of detector response to low-energy electron energy scale and its resolution including readout electronics threshold effects are quantified. Finally, the relation between the theoretical and reconstructed low-energy electron energy spectrum is derived and the energy resolution is characterized. The low-energy electron selection presented here accounts for about 75% of the total electron deposited energy. After the addition of lost energy using a Monte Carlo simulation, the energy resolution improves from about 40% to 25% at 50~MeV. These results are used to validate the expected capabilities of the DUNE far detector to reconstruct low-energy electrons.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figure

Long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics potential of the DUNE experiment

The sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to neutrino oscillation is determined, based on a full simulation, reconstruction, and event selection of the far detector and a full simulation and parameterized analysis of the near detector. Detailed uncertainties due to the flux prediction, neutrino interaction model, and detector effects are included. DUNE will resolve the neutrino mass ordering to a precision of 5σ, for all ΑCP values, after 2 years of running with the nominal detector design and beam configuration. It has the potential to observe charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector to a precision of 3σ (5σ) after an exposure of 5 (10) years, for 50% of all ΑCP values. It will also make precise measurements of other parameters governing long-baseline neutrino oscillation, and after an exposure of 15 years will achieve a similar sensitivity to sin22θ13 to current reactor experiments

Long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics potential of the DUNE experiment

The sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to neutrino oscillation is determined, based on a full simulation, reconstruction, and event selection of the far detector and a full simulation and parameterized analysis of the near detector. Detailed uncertainties due to the flux prediction, neutrino interaction model, and detector effects are included. DUNE will resolve the neutrino mass ordering to a precision of 5σ, for all δ_(CP) values, after 2 years of running with the nominal detector design and beam configuration. It has the potential to observe charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector to a precision of 3σ (5σ) after an exposure of 5 (10) years, for 50% of all δ_(CP) values. It will also make precise measurements of other parameters governing long-baseline neutrino oscillation, and after an exposure of 15 years will achieve a similar sensitivity to sin²θ₁₃ to current reactor experiments