8 research outputs found
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Dynamic Visual Acuity, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex, and Visual Field in National Football League (NFL) Officiating: Physiology and Visualization Engineering for 3D Virtual On-Field Training.
Peer reviewed: TrueAcknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Walt Anderson and Bret Ayers for their support and collaboration. The authors J.O., N.V.C., and A.G.L. would like to thank the NFL for supporting their attendance to the 2023 NFL Game Officials’ Meeting.Publication status: PublishedThe ability to make on-field, split-second decisions is critical for National Football League (NFL) game officials. Multiple principles in visual function are critical for accuracy and precision of these play calls, including foveation time and unobstructed line of sight, static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and sufficient visual field. Prior research has shown that a standardized curriculum in these neuro-ophthalmic principles have demonstrated validity and self-rated improvements in understanding, confidence, and likelihood of future utilization by NFL game officials to maximize visual performance during officiating. Virtual reality technology may also be able to help optimize understandings of specific neuro-ophthalmic principles and simulate real-life gameplay. Personal communication between authors and NFL officials and leadership have indicated that there is high interest in 3D virtual on-field training for NFL officiating. In this manuscript, we review the current and past research in this space regarding a neuro-ophthalmic curriculum for NFL officials. We then provide an overview our current visualization engineering process in taking real-life NFL gameplay 2D data and creating 3D environments for virtual reality gameplay training for football officials to practice plays that highlight neuro-ophthalmic principles. We then review in-depth the physiology behind these principles and discuss strategies to implement these principles into virtual reality for football officiating
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Abstract B049: Radiogenomic profiling of prostate tumors prior to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) converges on a transcriptomic signature of TGF-beta activity driving tumor recurrence
Abstract Background: In patients who receive definitive therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer, biochemical recurrence is due to local recurrence and/or the presence of undetected metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis and treatment. Approximately 25-40% of patients who receive radiotherapy plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with curative intent are expected to recur within 5-10 years. We hypothesized that applying multiparametric (mp) MRI, gene expression, and genomic analyses to prostate tumors prior to EBRT+ADT would identify biomarkers predictive of recurrence (NCT01834001). Methods: At baseline and 6 months after completion of radiotherapy, mpMRI was performed and lesions were manually contoured. MR/ultrasound-fusion biopsies acquired at baseline targeted to up to three distinct MR lesions per patient. 29 patients with intermediate and high risk localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT+ADT with sufficient baseline biopsy tissue were selected for this analysis (median follow-up: 91 months). Tumor tissues were macrodissected to obtain DNA and RNA from 60 distinct biopsy regions (1-4 per patient). DNA was used for generating whole-exome sequencing libraries (92.5 × median coverage); RNA was converted into cDNA and hybridized to Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 microarrays. Secondary gene expression cohorts with clinical annotation were obtained from the University of Miami and Queen’s University Belfast. Gene expression signatures were processed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and the Decipher GRID. Results: Five of the 29 patients experienced biochemical failure by the time of data analysis; four of these patients were identified to have distant metastases with no evidence of local recurrence at the time of biochemical failure. Baseline and posttreatment lesion volumes by MRI and posttreatment ADCmax (apparent diffusion coefficient) were positively associated with recurrence (p<0.05). The Decipher signature positively correlated with these three MR features. Comparison of gene expression using a linear mixed-effect model identified 1,120 differentially expressed transcripts. IPA nominated TGF-beta signaling as the topmost enriched upstream regulator (z=3.32). This result was validated in the Miami (z=2.54) and Belfast (z=3.67) cohorts. By network analysis, genes that independently tracked with the baseline and posttreatment volumes and posttreatment ADCmax MR features similarly converged to the TGF-beta pathway. Co-occurrence of biallelic TP53 alterations with 1- or 2-copy PTEN losses was observed exclusively in patients who recurred. Conclusions: Genomic, transcriptomic and radiomic analyses have nominated predictive biomarkers that identify the subset of patients with locally advanced prostate cancer destined to recur after definitive EBRT+ADT. Identification of molecular features predictive of failure suggests that aggressive pre-existing subclones harboring these alterations have metastatic potential. Emerging systemic therapies including TGF-beta ligand traps targeted to these tumors may improve overall outcomes. Citation Format: Adam G. Sowalsky, Anson T. Ku, Uma Shankavaram, Shana Y. Trostel, Houssein A. Sater, Stephanie A. Harmon, Nicole V. Carrabba, Yang Liu, Radka Stoyanova, Elai Davicioni, Alan Pollack, Baris Turkbey, Deborah E. Citrin. Radiogenomic profiling of prostate tumors prior to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) converges on a transcriptomic signature of TGF-beta activity driving tumor recurrence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2023 Mar 15-18; Denver, Colorado. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B049
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Radiogenomic profiling of prostate tumors prior to external beam radiotherapy converges on a transcriptomic signature of TGF-β activity driving tumor recurrence
Patients with localized prostate cancer have historically been assigned to clinical risk groups based on local disease extent, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), and tumor grade. Clinical risk grouping is used to determine the intensity of treatment with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), yet a substantial proportion of patients with intermediate and high risk localized prostate cancer will develop biochemical recurrence (BCR) and require salvage therapy. Prospective identification of patients destined to experience BCR would allow treatment intensification or selection of alternative therapeutic strategies.
Twenty-nine individuals with intermediate or high risk prostate cancer were prospectively recruited to a clinical trial designed to profile the molecular and imaging features of prostate cancer in patients undergoing EBRT and ADT. Whole transcriptome cDNA microarray and whole exome sequencing were performed on pretreatment targeted biopsy of prostate tumors (n=60). All patients underwent pretreatment and 6-month post EBRT multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), and were followed with serial PSA to assess presence or absence of BCR. Genes differentially expressed in the tumor of patients with and without BCR were investigated using pathways analysis tools and were similarly explored in alternative datasets. Differential gene expression and predicted pathway activation were evaluated in relation to tumor response on mpMRI and tumor genomic profile. A novel TGF-β gene signature was developed in the discovery dataset and applied to a validation dataset.
Baseline MRI lesion volume and
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status in prostate tumor biopsies correlated with the activation state of TGF-β signaling measured using pathway analysis. All three measures correlated with the risk of BCR after definitive RT. A prostate cancer-specific TGF-β signature discriminated between patients that experienced BCR vs. those that did not. The signature retained prognostic utility in an independent cohort.
TGF-β activity is a dominant feature of intermediate-to-unfavorable risk prostate tumors prone to biochemical failure after EBRT with ADT. TGF-β activity may serve as a prognostic biomarker independent of existing risk factors and clinical decision-making criteria.
This research was supported by the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program, National Cancer Institute, and the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research
A case report of multiple primary prostate tumors with differential drug sensitivity
© 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply. Localized prostate cancers are genetically variable and frequently multifocal, comprising spatially distinct regions with multiple independently-evolving clones. To date there is no understanding of whether this variability can influence management decisions for patients with prostate tumors. Here, we present a single case from a clinical trial of neoadjuvant intense androgen deprivation therapy. A patient was diagnosed with a large semi-contiguous tumor by imaging, histologically composed of a large Gleason score 9 tumor with an adjacent Gleason score 7 nodule. DNA sequencing demonstrates these are two independent tumors, as only the Gleason 9 tumor harbors single-copy losses of PTEN and TP53. The PTEN/TP53-deficient tumor demonstrates treatment resistance, selecting for subclones with mutations to the remaining copies of PTEN and TP53, while the Gleason 7 PTEN-intact tumor is almost entirely ablated. These findings indicate that spatiogenetic variability is a major confounder for personalized treatment of patients with prostate cancer
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Sequential Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Newly Diagnosed High-risk Prostate Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Enzalutamide is Predictive of Therapeutic Response
For high-risk prostate cancer, standard treatment options include radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Despite definitive therapy, many patients will have disease recurrence. Imaging has the potential to better define characteristics of response and resistance. In this study, we evaluated prostate multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) before and after neoadjuvant enzalutamide plus ADT.
Men with localized intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer underwent a baseline mpMRI and mpMRI-targeted biopsy followed by a second mpMRI after 6 months of enzalutamide and ADT prior to RP. Specimens were sectioned in the same plane as mpMRI using patient-specific 3D-printed molds to permit mpMRI-targeted biopsies to be compared with the same lesion from the RP. Specimens were analyzed for imaging and histologic correlates of response.
Of 39 patients enrolled, 36 completed imaging and RP. Most patients (92%) had high-risk disease. Fifty-eight lesions were detected on baseline mpMRI, of which 40 (69%) remained measurable at 6-month follow-up imaging. Fifty-five of 59 lesions (93%) demonstrated >50% volume reduction on posttreatment mpMRI. Three of 59 lesions (5%) demonstrated growth in size at follow-up imaging, with two lesions increasing more than 3-fold in volume. On whole-mount pathology, 15 patients demonstrated minimal residual disease (MRD) of <0.05 cc or pathologic complete response. Low initial mpMRI relative tumor burden was most predictive of MRD on final pathology.
Low relative lesion volume at baseline mpMRI was predictive of pathologic response. A subset of patients had limited response. Selection of patients based on these metrics may improve outcomes in high-risk disease
Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19
BackgroundWe previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15-20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in similar to 80% of cases.MethodsWe report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded.ResultsNo gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5-528.7, P=1.1x10(-4)) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR=3.70[95%CI 1.3-8.2], P=2.1x10(-4)). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR=19.65[95%CI 2.1-2635.4], P=3.4x10(-3)), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR=4.40[9%CI 2.3-8.4], P=7.7x10(-8)). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD]=43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P=1.68x10(-5)).ConclusionsRare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old