30 research outputs found

    VLTI status update: a decade of operations and beyond

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    We present the latest update of the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope interferometer (VLTI). The operations of VLTI have greatly improved in the past years: reduction of the execution time; better offering of telescopes configurations; improvements on AMBER limiting magnitudes; study of polarization effects and control for single mode fibres; fringe tracking real time data, etc. We present some of these improvements and also quantify the operational improvements using a performance metric. We take the opportunity of the first decade of operations to reflect on the VLTI community which is analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Finally, we present briefly the preparatory work for the arrival of the second generation instruments GRAVITY and MATISSE.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, Proceedings of the SPIE, 9146-1

    Mice Doubly-Deficient in Lysosomal Hexosaminidase A and Neuraminidase 4 Show Epileptic Crises and Rapid Neuronal Loss

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    Tay-Sachs disease is a severe lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in the HexA gene coding for the α-subunit of lysosomal ÎČ-hexosaminidase A, which converts GM2 to GM3 ganglioside. Hexa−/− mice, depleted of ÎČ-hexosaminidase A, remain asymptomatic to 1 year of age, because they catabolise GM2 ganglioside via a lysosomal sialidase into glycolipid GA2, which is further processed by ÎČ-hexosaminidase B to lactosyl-ceramide, thereby bypassing the ÎČ-hexosaminidase A defect. Since this bypass is not effective in humans, infantile Tay-Sachs disease is fatal in the first years of life. Previously, we identified a novel ganglioside metabolizing sialidase, Neu4, abundantly expressed in mouse brain neurons. Now we demonstrate that mice with targeted disruption of both Neu4 and Hexa genes (Neu4−/−;Hexa−/−) show epileptic seizures with 40% penetrance correlating with polyspike discharges on the cortical electrodes of the electroencephalogram. Single knockout Hexa−/− or Neu4−/− siblings do not show such symptoms. Further, double-knockout but not single-knockout mice have multiple degenerating neurons in the cortex and hippocampus and multiple layers of cortical neurons accumulating GM2 ganglioside. Together, our data suggest that the Neu4 block exacerbates the disease in Hexa−/− mice, indicating that Neu4 is a modifier gene in the mouse model of Tay-Sachs disease, reducing the disease severity through the metabolic bypass. However, while disease severity in the double mutant is increased, it is not profound suggesting that Neu4 is not the only sialidase contributing to the metabolic bypass in Hexa−/− mice

    Actualités thérapeutiques dans le traitement du Syndrome de Détresse Respiratoire Aiguë

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    National audienceLa connaissance physiopathologique et Ă©pidĂ©miologique du SDRA a progressĂ© ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. DiffĂ©rentes pistes thĂ©rapeutiques ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es par des essais cliniques rĂ©cents.Les mĂ©dicaments supposĂ©s limiter l'inflammation pulmonaire et favoriser la rĂ©sorption de l'ƓdĂšme alvĂ©olaire se sont montrĂ©s dĂ©cevants. La corticothĂ©rapie (mĂ©thylprĂ©dnisolone) peut ĂȘtre intĂ©ressante Ă  la phase aiguĂ« du SDRA mais ne doit pas ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e au-delĂ  des deux premiĂšres semaines. Les bĂ©ta-2 mimĂ©tiques, malgrĂ© des donnĂ©es prĂ©liminaires prometteuses, se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s inefficaces, voire dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres, sur les Ă©tudes prospectives randomisĂ©es. La limitation des apports liquidiens semble rĂ©duire la formation d'ƓdĂšme et permet une amĂ©lioration des Ă©changes gazeux et un moindre recours Ă  la ventilation artificelle.Les progrĂšs les plus probants ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s en dĂ©veloppant des stratĂ©gies de ventilation protectrice rĂ©duisant le barotraumatisme et optimisant le recrutement alvĂ©olaire. La ventilation non invasive au masque est peu recommandĂ©e en dehors des formes prĂ©coces peu hypoxiques. Les thĂ©rapeutiques complexes comme le dĂ©cubitus ventral, la ventilation haute frĂ©quence, le NO, ou les Ă©changes gazeux extra-corporels restent des thĂ©rapeutiques d'exception dont l'efficacitĂ© et la place sont Ă  prĂ©ciser

    The Newborn Infant's Thermal Environment in the Delivery Room When Skin-to-Skin Care Has to Be Interrupted.

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    International audienceOBJECTIVE: Newborns are prone to hypothermia immediately following birth. Hypothermia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. We sought to assess the thermal environment and metabolic costs associated with exposure to various situations in the delivery room when skin-to-skin care (SSC) has to be curtailed. METHODS: Environmental variables (air temperature: T(a); relative humidity: RH; radiative temperature: T(r); and air convection velocity) were recorded during sequences reproducing SSC, in the maternity unit's various rooms ("passive environments") and in incubators ("active environments"). Analytical calorimetry was then used to calculate the body heat loss (BHL) from these data. RESULTS: The analysis of 1280 measurements of T(a,) RH, T(r), and air convection velocity in SSC, passive and active environments revealed that (i) the thermohygrometric environment during SSC was optimal (T(a): 32.7\,±\,3.2\,° C; RH: 50.9\,±\,5.6%), (ii) BHL rose when SSC had to be interrupted, and (iii) the use of a radiant incubator prevented hypothermia and reduced dry BHL but not humid BHL (9.4\,±\,1.5\,kcal/kg/h; p\,<\,.001), relative to SSC (5.8\,±\,2.0\,kcal/kg/h; p\,<\,.001). CONCLUSION: The newborn infant's thermohygrometric environment is optimal during SSC in the delivery room. When SSC was interrupted, T(a) and RH always decreased, and BHL increased in all passive environments

    Durable strategies for fungicides use: lessons from the past and leads for improving the future Preliminary results from the FONDU project

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    International audienceThe durability of strategies aiming to delay fungicide resistance evolution in populations of plant fungi relies on the skillful deployment in time and space of the various molecules registered for a specific usage. Therefore, the optimization of these strategies constitutes a major challenge of integrated pest management, all the more in the context of new regulations aiming to decrease pesticide use (e.g. in France, the “Ecophyto II” and “AgroĂ©cologie” plans). The respective interests and drawbacks of anti-resistance strategies (namely mixture, alternation, mosaic and dose modulation) are a matter of debate in the scientific community and should be more efficiently deployed in agricultural landscapes. In this context, this paper reports the preliminary results of the FONDU project, aiming at (1) identifying and characterizing sustainable anti-resistance strategies and (2) disentangling the social and economic imits to their wide use on large territories. This project has a generic outcome but was first focused on Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria leaf blotch. Empirical data (e.g. the pluriannual dataset “Performance”, managed by the technical institute Arvalis-Institut du VĂ©gĂ©tal), as well as a specific model were mined to answer the first objective. Interviews with key French resistance managers, as well as economic models were carried to answer the second aim

    Durable strategies for fungicides use: lessons from the past and leads for improving the future Preliminary results from the FONDU project

    No full text
    International audienceThe durability of strategies aiming to delay fungicide resistance evolution in populations of plant fungi relies on the skillful deployment in time and space of the various molecules registered for a specific usage. Therefore, the optimization of these strategies constitutes a major challenge of integrated pest management, all the more in the context of new regulations aiming to decrease pesticide use (e.g. in France, the “Ecophyto II” and “AgroĂ©cologie” plans). The respective interests and drawbacks of anti-resistance strategies (namely mixture, alternation, mosaic and dose modulation) are a matter of debate in the scientific community and should be more efficiently deployed in agricultural landscapes. In this context, this paper reports the preliminary results of the FONDU project, aiming at (1) identifying and characterizing sustainable anti-resistance strategies and (2) disentangling the social and economic imits to their wide use on large territories. This project has a generic outcome but was first focused on Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria leaf blotch. Empirical data (e.g. the pluriannual dataset “Performance”, managed by the technical institute Arvalis-Institut du VĂ©gĂ©tal), as well as a specific model were mined to answer the first objective. Interviews with key French resistance managers, as well as economic models were carried to answer the second aim

    Aspects économiques de la régulation des pollutions par les pesticides

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    Le texte constitue un des chapitres de l'expertise collective, rĂ©alisĂ©e par l'Inra et le Cemagref Ă  la demande des ministĂšres chargĂ©s de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, sur les conditions d'utilisation des pesticides en agriculture, les moyens d'en rĂ©duire l'emploi et d'en limiter les impacts environnementaux. Il Ă©tablit une synthĂšse des travaux menĂ©s sur les pesticides, par les Ă©conomistes depuis la fin des annĂ©es 60. Cette synthĂšse met principalement en Ă©vidence que les agriculteurs sont "dĂ©pendants" de l'utilisation des pesticides dans la mesure oĂč la maĂźtrise du risque phytosanitaire est un Ă©lĂ©ment crucial des systĂšmes de production conventionnels. Cependant, cette dĂ©pendance est plus importante Ă  court terme qu'Ă  long terme : l'Ă©lasticitĂ©-prix de la demande de pesticides est nettement supĂ©rieure Ă  long terme. Le recours Ă  des alternatives Ă  la lutte chimique, aux pratiques culturales conventionnelles ou aux systĂšmes culturaux conventionnels est peu frĂ©quent. En effet, les techniques Ă  bas niveaux d'intrants chimiques ne sont pas sensiblement plus rentables que les pratiques de production conventionnelle, en Europe tout au moins, et sont beaucoup plus complexes Ă  mettre en oeuvre. Ce rĂ©sultat fonde l'intĂ©rĂȘt des mesures d'incitation Ă©conomique, telles que la taxation des pesticides, pour rĂ©duire l'utilisation de ceux-ci par les agriculteurs. Ce chapitre dĂ©bouche sur une sĂ©rie de recommandations pour dresser les contours d'une politique efficace Ă  l'Ă©chelle d'un pays comme la France. Notamment, il recommande d'utiliser une combinaison d'instruments de rĂ©gulation (normes, taxes, subventions...)

    Aspects économiques de la régulation des pollutions par les pesticides

    No full text
    Le texte constitue un des chapitres de l'expertise collective, rĂ©alisĂ©e par l'Inra et le Cemagref Ă  la demande des ministĂšres chargĂ©s de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, sur les conditions d'utilisation des pesticides en agriculture, les moyens d'en rĂ©duire l'emploi et d'en limiter les impacts environnementaux. Il Ă©tablit une synthĂšse des travaux menĂ©s sur les pesticides, par les Ă©conomistes depuis la fin des annĂ©es 60. Cette synthĂšse met principalement en Ă©vidence que les agriculteurs sont "dĂ©pendants" de l'utilisation des pesticides dans la mesure oĂč la maĂźtrise du risque phytosanitaire est un Ă©lĂ©ment crucial des systĂšmes de production conventionnels. Cependant, cette dĂ©pendance est plus importante Ă  court terme qu'Ă  long terme : l'Ă©lasticitĂ©-prix de la demande de pesticides est nettement supĂ©rieure Ă  long terme. Le recours Ă  des alternatives Ă  la lutte chimique, aux pratiques culturales conventionnelles ou aux systĂšmes culturaux conventionnels est peu frĂ©quent. En effet, les techniques Ă  bas niveaux d'intrants chimiques ne sont pas sensiblement plus rentables que les pratiques de production conventionnelle, en Europe tout au moins, et sont beaucoup plus complexes Ă  mettre en oeuvre. Ce rĂ©sultat fonde l'intĂ©rĂȘt des mesures d'incitation Ă©conomique, telles que la taxation des pesticides, pour rĂ©duire l'utilisation de ceux-ci par les agriculteurs. Ce chapitre dĂ©bouche sur une sĂ©rie de recommandations pour dresser les contours d'une politique efficace Ă  l'Ă©chelle d'un pays comme la France. Notamment, il recommande d'utiliser une combinaison d'instruments de rĂ©gulation (normes, taxes, subventions...)
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