Forest Grouse in the Fall

This bulletin describes the two types of forest grouse that inhabit mountain forests and rangelands in Utah, the ruffed grouse and the dusky grouse. It tells the species differences such as breeding, survival and reproduction, and broods. It includes tips for forest grouse hunters

Glucose metabolism following human traumatic brain injury: methods of assessment and pathophysiological findings.

The pathophysiology of traumatic brain (TBI) injury involves changes to glucose uptake into the brain and its subsequent metabolism. We review the methods used to study cerebral glucose metabolism with a focus on those used in clinical TBI studies. Arterio-venous measurements provide a global measure of glucose uptake into the brain. Microdialysis allows the in vivo sampling of brain extracellular fluid and is well suited to the longitudinal assessment of metabolism after TBI in the clinical setting. A recent novel development is the use of microdialysis to deliver glucose and other energy substrates labelled with carbon-13, which allows the metabolism of glucose and other substrates to be tracked. Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy allow regional differences in metabolism to be assessed. We summarise the data published from these techniques and review their potential uses in the clinical setting.This is the final published version. It originally appeared at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9628-y

Exploring General Gauge Mediation

We explore various aspects of General Gauge Mediation(GGM). We present a reformulation of the correlation functions used in GGM, and further elucidate their IR and UV properties. Additionally we clarify the issue of UV sensitivity in the calculation of the soft masses in the MSSM, highlighting the role of the supertrace over the messenger spectrum. Finally, we present weakly coupled messenger models which fully cover the parameter space of GGM. These examples demonstrate that the full parameter space of GGM is physical and realizable. Thus it should be considered a valid basis for future phenomenological explorations of gauge mediation.Comment: 27 pages, minor changes, typos fixed in appendix

Mutual Fund Survivorship

This article provides a comprehensive study of survivorship issues using the mutual fund data of Carhart (1997). We demonstrate theoretically that when survival depends on multiperiod performance, the survivorship bias in average performance typically increases with the sample length. This is empirically relevant because evidence suggests a multiyear survival rule for U.S. mutual funds. In the data we find the annual bias increases from 0.07% for 1-year samples to 1% for samples longer than 15 years. We find that survivor conditioning weakens evidence of performance persistence. Finally, we explain how survivor conditioning affects the relation between performance and fund characteristics

Laguerre-Gaussian mode sorter

Light's spatial properties represent an infinite state space, making it attractive for applications requiring high dimensionality, such as quantum mechanics and classical telecommunications, but also inherently spatial applications such as imaging and sensing. However, there is no demultiplexing device in the spatial domain comparable to a grating or calcite for the wavelength and polarisation domains respectively. Specifically, a simple device capable of splitting a finite beam into a large number of discrete spatially separated spots each containing a single orthogonal spatial component. We demonstrate a device capable of decomposing a beam into a Cartesian grid of identical Gaussian spots each containing a single Laguerre-Gaussian component. This is the first device capable of decomposing the azimuthal and radial components simultaneously, and is based on a single spatial light modulator and mirror. We demonstrate over 210 spatial components, meaning it is also the highest dimensionality mode multiplexer of any kind

Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Contusional Traumatic Brain Injury: A Paired Microdialysis Study.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular enzymes that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, contusion expansion, and vasogenic edema after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Specifically, in focal injury models, increased MMP-9 expression has been observed in pericontusional brain, and MMP-9 inhibitors reduce brain swelling and final lesion volume. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a similarly localized increase of MMP concentrations in patients with contusional TBI. Paired microdialysis catheters were inserted into 12 patients with contusional TBI (with or without associated mass lesion) targeting pericontusional and radiologically normal brain defined on admission computed tomography scan. Microdialysate was pooled every 8 h and analyzed for MMP-1, -2, -7, -9, and -10 using a multiplex immunoassay. Concentrations of MMP-1, -2, and -10 were similar at both monitoring sites and did not show discernible temporal trends. Overall, there was a gradual increase in MMP-7 concentrations in both normal and injured brain over the monitoring period, although this was not consistent in every patient. MMP-9 concentrations were elevated in pericontusional, compared to normal, brain, with the maximal difference at the earliest monitoring times (i.e., <24 h postinjury). Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that MMP-9 concentrations were significantly higher in pericontusional brain (p=0.03) and within the first 72 h of injury, compared with later in the monitoring period (p=0.04). No significant differences were found for the other MMPs assayed. MMP-9 concentrations are increased in pericontusional brain early post-TBI and may represent a potential therapeutic target to reduce hemorrhagic progression and vasogenic edema.M.R.G. was supported by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Academic Clinical Fellowship, a Royal College of Surgeons/Philip King Research Fellowship, and a Beverley and Raymond Sackler Fellowship. A.H. was supported by a joint Medical Research Council/ Royal College of Surgeons of England Clinical Research Training Fellowship. K.L.H.C. is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Cambridge (Neuroscience Theme; Brain Injury and Repair Theme). J.D.P. is supported by the Traumatic Brain Injury NIHR Health Technology Cooperative. D.K.M. is supported by an NIHR Senior Investigator Award. P.J.A.H. is supported by the Cambridge NIHR BRC and an NIHR Research Professorship.This is the final published version. It was first made available by Mary Ann Liebert at http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.376

Kinetic intermediates in amyloid assembly

In contrast to an expected Ostwald-like ripening of amyloid assemblies, the nucleating core of the Dutch mutant of the Aβ peptide of Alzheimer’s disease assembles through a series of conformational transitions. Structural characterization of the intermediate assemblies by isotope-edited IR and solid-state NMR reveals unexpected strand orientation intermediates and suggests new nucleation mechanisms in a progressive assembly pathway

Dynamical Masses for Pre-Main Sequence Stars: A Preliminary Physical Orbit for V773 Tau A

We report on interferometric and radial-velocity observations of the double-lined 51-d period binary (A) component of the quadruple pre-main sequence (PMS) system V773 Tau. With these observations we have estimated preliminary visual and physical orbits of the V773 Tau A subsystem. Among other parameters, our orbit model includes an inclination of 66.0 $\pm$ 2.4 deg, and allows us to infer the component dynamical masses and system distance. In particular we find component masses of 1.54 $\pm$ 0.14 and 1.332 $\pm$ 0.097 M_{\sun} for the Aa (primary) and Ab (secondary) components respectively. Our modeling of the subsystem component spectral energy distributions finds temperatures and luminosities consistent with previous studies, and coupled with the component mass estimates allows for comparison with PMS stellar models in the intermediate-mass range. We compare V773 Tau A component properties with several popular solar-composition models for intermediate-mass PMS stars. All models predict masses consistent to within 2-sigma of the dynamically determined values, though some models predict values that are more consistent than others.Comment: ApJ in press; 25 pages, 6 figures; data tables available in journal versio