Kapacitet izmjene plinova graha (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) u uvjetima nedostatka hranjiva

The lack of plant nutrients is a major problem for agriculture. Because of their essential role in the most important metabolic processes of plants, their deficiency depresses photosynthesis and disrupts the efficient operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. In this study, we investigated the gas exchange of common beans bean under the N, P, K, Mg, and Fe deficiency. The experiment was set up as a hydroponic, fully aerated, floating system in 6 hydroponic tubs. Each hydroponic tub contained 10 plants and was filled with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution. One group of plants was grown in a complete nutrient solution (control), while the other treatments lacked one of the following nutrients: N, P, K, Mg and Fe. During the experiment, gas exchange parameters: net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were measured. At the end of the experiment, the nutrient content of the plant tissue was determined. Nutrient deficiency significantly affected all measured photosynthetic parameters and visual symptoms indicated that a lack of different nutrients affected the photosynthetic machinery at different points. Potassium deficiency lower stomatal conductance and increased mesophyll resistance to CO2 diffusion and/or RubisCO activity. Nitrogen and Mg deficiency affected chlorophyll synthesis and accelerated leaf senescence. Phosphorus deficiency caused less damage to gas exchange parameters probably due to protective mechanisms of reduced leaf area. Seed Fe content was surplus to sustain photosynthetic machinery during the early developmental phase.Nedostatak biljnih hranjiva je veliki problem za poljoprivredu. Zbog njihove bitne uloge u ključnim metaboličkim procesima biljaka, nedostatak hranjiva smanjuje fotosintezu i remeti učinkoviti rad fotosintetskog sustava. U ovome radu smo mjerili izmjenu plinova kod graha u uvjetima nedostatka N, P, K, Mg i Fe. Pokus je bio postavljen kao hidropon, plutajući sistem u 6 hidroponskih kada. Svaka hidroponska kada sadržavala je 10 biljaka, te je bila ispunjena modificiranom Hoaglandovom hranjivom otopinom. Jedna grupa biljaka je uzgajana u kompletnoj hranjivoj otopini (kontrola), dok je kod drugih tretmana nedostajalo neko određeno hranjivo: N, P, K, Mg ili Fe. Tijekom pokusa mjereni su parametri izmjene plinova: stopa fotosinteze (A), stopa transpiracije (E), provodljivost puči za H2O (gs), te intercelularna koncentracija CO2 (Ci). Pri završetku pokusa određen je sadržaj hranjiva u biljnome materijalu. Nedostatak hranjiva statistički je značajno utjecao na sve izmjerene fotosintetske parametre, a vizualni simptomi ukazuju da nedostatak različitih hranjiva različito utječe na fotosinetski sustav. Nedostatak K smanjuje provodljivost puči i povećava otpor mezofila za difuziju CO2 i/ili RubisCO aktivnost. Nedostatak N i Mg je utjecao na sintezu klorofila i ubrzavao starenje listova. Nedostatak P manje je naštetio parametrima izmjene plinova vjerojatno zbog zaštitnog mehanizma smanjene površine lista. Sadržaj Fe u sjemenu bio je dovoljan za održavanje fotosintetskog sustava tijekom rane faze razvoja

Synergistic Effects of Combining Morphological and Molecular Data in Resolving the Intraspecific Classification in O. basilicum L.

High levels of both morphological and chemical variability exist within the O. basilicum L. species. Long-term traditional uses and wide distribution throughout the world, as well as traditional selection and breeding efforts, have contributed to variability within the species. Morphological traits according to UPOV descriptor list and AFLP markers were utilized to define the extent of existing variation in the species analyzing 24 accessions. Phenotypic dissimilarities between pairs of accessions were calculated and the UPGMA dendrogram was constructed. A number of clearly defined clusters have been detected, giving a good representation of traditional taxonomic relationships. Genetic relationships were determined by Neighbour-Joining cluster analysis based on Dice’s distance matrix between accessions. Generally, morphologically similar accessions grouped together and a high congruence between trees was observed. Our analyses revealed a certain degree of correspondence between morphological and molecular data among O. basilicum L. accessions. Both AFLP markers and morphological descriptors can contribute in resolving existing problems concerning intraspecific classification in O. basilicum

PROCJENA KOLIČINE MAKRO I MIKROELEMENATA U HRVATSKIM TRADICIJSKIM KULTIVARIMA GRAHA (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) KORIŠTENJEM SPEKTROSKOPIJE U BLISKOME INFRACRVENOM PODRUČJU (NIRS)

In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict the contents of essential macro- and microelements in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accessions of most widespread Croatian landraces. Total of 175 samples were used for the model development by modified partial least square (MPLS), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS) techniques. Based on the coefficients of determination (R2), standard error of calibration (SEC) and error of prediction (SEP) the models developed were (i) nearly applicable for nitrogen (N) (0.89, 0.12 and 0.45 respectively), (ii) poor for iron (Fe), cinc (Zn), potassium oxide (K2O) and potassium (K), (iii) usable for phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), phosphorus (P), phytic acid (PA) and manganese (Mn). The MPLS regression statistics suggested the most accurate models developed comparing with PLS and PCR. It was concluded that a wider set of common bean samples needs to be used for macro- and microelements prediction by NIRS.U ovome je istraživanju korištena spektroskopija u bliskome infracrvenom području (NIRS) za procjenu količine esencijalnih makro- i mikroelemenata u uzorcima najčešće uzgajanih kultivara graha (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ukupno 175 uzoraka graha korišteno je za razvoj kalibracije uporabom modificirane metode najmanjih kvadrata (MPLS), metode regresije osnovne komponente (PCR) i metode najmanjih kvadrata (PLS). S obzirom na koeficijent korelacije (R2), standardnu grešku kalibracije (SEC) i standardnu grešku procjene (SEP), razvijeni kalibracijski modeli su (i) gotovo primjenjivi za procjenu dušika (N) (0,89; 0,12 i 0,45), (ii) slabo primjenjivi za procjenu željeza (Fe), cinka (Zn), kalijevog oksida (K2O) i kalija (K) te (iii) upotrebljivi za fosfor pentoksid (P2O5), fosfor (P), fitinsku kiselinu (PA) i mangan (Mn). Najpouzdaniji kalibracijski modeli razvijeni su korištenjem regresijskoga modela MPLS u usporedbi s kalibracijskim modelima dobivenim korištenjem PLS-a i modelima PCR-a. Zaključeno je da je za procjenu makro- i mikroelemenata spektroskopijom u bliskome infracrvenom području (NIRS) potrebno prikupiti veći broj uzoraka graha širih varijacija istraživanih makro- i mikroelemenata

Utilization of essential oils in protection of stored grains

Uskladišteno sjeme predstavlja jedinstveni ekosustav čije je pozna-vanje od izuzetne važnosti kako bi se sačuvala klijavost i životna sposobnost do ponovne sjetve. Sjeme može biti napadnuto od različitih štetnika i mikroorganizama koji se vrlo često pojavljuju u skladištima i negativno utječu na kvalitativna i kvantitativna svojstva. Njihovo suzbijanje danas predstavlja vrlo veliki izazov s obzirom da se sve više nastoje koristiti prirodni pripravci poput botaničkih pesticida, umjesto sintetičkih insekticida, koji su već dugi niz godina u upotrebi, a za koje je poznato da negativno djeluju na ljudsko zdravlje i okoliš. Eterična ulja predstavljaju jednu od opcija zaštite usjeva i alternativu u programima suzbijanja različitih štetočinja uskladištenog sjemena, stoga u novije vrijeme dobivaju sve veću važnost. Najviše su istraživana eterična ulja vrsta iz porodica: Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Apiaceae i Laureaceae, za koja je dokazano da posjeduju izrazit insekticidni potencijal. Osim insekticidnog djelovanja dokazano je i njihovo virucidno, baktericidno, fungicidno, kao i larvicidno i ovicidno djelovanje. U ovom su radu detaljno opisana eterična ulja, njihove aktivne sastavnice te primjena u zaštiti uskladištenog sjemena.Stored grain represents unique ecosystem and preservation of its quality until sowing time is of great importance. It can be damaged by different harmful insects and microorganisms which are very common in storage facilities and have a negative impact on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the seed. Reduction of their populations is a challenge since nowadays there is a great need to use natural components, such as botanical pesticides, instead of synthetic pesticides, which show numerous negative impacts on human health and environment. In recent years essential oils are gaining much attention as an alternative for stored grain pest control. The most investigated essential oils are those isolated from plant families: Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Apiaceae and Laureaceae, which are known for their significant insecticidal potential. Except insecticidal, they exhibit virucidal, bactericidal, antifungal, as well as larvicidal and ovicidal effects. In this review, essential oils, their active components and possible use in stored grains protection are described in details

Phenotypic Diversity among Croatian Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces

Phenotypic diversity among Croatian common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces was assessed by analysing 12 qualitative and six quantitative traits in 338 accessions collected from all production areas in Croatia. Out of 12 qualitative morphological traits, seed coat colour was the most polymorphic among accessions having the highest Shannon’s information index and discriminating power. Out of six quantitative traits, the highest coefficient of variation was detected in duration of flowering. A weak correlation was found between distance matrices among accessions based on qualitative and quantitative traits

Utilization of essential oils in protection of stored grains

Uskladišteno sjeme predstavlja jedinstveni ekosustav čije je pozna-vanje od izuzetne važnosti kako bi se sačuvala klijavost i životna sposobnost do ponovne sjetve. Sjeme može biti napadnuto od različitih štetnika i mikroorganizama koji se vrlo često pojavljuju u skladištima i negativno utječu na kvalitativna i kvantitativna svojstva. Njihovo suzbijanje danas predstavlja vrlo veliki izazov s obzirom da se sve više nastoje koristiti prirodni pripravci poput botaničkih pesticida, umjesto sintetičkih insekticida, koji su već dugi niz godina u upotrebi, a za koje je poznato da negativno djeluju na ljudsko zdravlje i okoliš. Eterična ulja predstavljaju jednu od opcija zaštite usjeva i alternativu u programima suzbijanja različitih štetočinja uskladištenog sjemena, stoga u novije vrijeme dobivaju sve veću važnost. Najviše su istraživana eterična ulja vrsta iz porodica: Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Apiaceae i Laureaceae, za koja je dokazano da posjeduju izrazit insekticidni potencijal. Osim insekticidnog djelovanja dokazano je i njihovo virucidno, baktericidno, fungicidno, kao i larvicidno i ovicidno djelovanje. U ovom su radu detaljno opisana eterična ulja, njihove aktivne sastavnice te primjena u zaštiti uskladištenog sjemena.Stored grain represents unique ecosystem and preservation of its quality until sowing time is of great importance. It can be damaged by different harmful insects and microorganisms which are very common in storage facilities and have a negative impact on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the seed. Reduction of their populations is a challenge since nowadays there is a great need to use natural components, such as botanical pesticides, instead of synthetic pesticides, which show numerous negative impacts on human health and environment. In recent years essential oils are gaining much attention as an alternative for stored grain pest control. The most investigated essential oils are those isolated from plant families: Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Apiaceae and Laureaceae, which are known for their significant insecticidal potential. Except insecticidal, they exhibit virucidal, bactericidal, antifungal, as well as larvicidal and ovicidal effects. In this review, essential oils, their active components and possible use in stored grains protection are described in details

Utvrđivanje simptoma nedostatka hranjiva u grahu multispektralnom analizom i klorofilnom fluorescencijom

Crop production might suffer severe economic losses due to insufficient fertiliser availability. Specific signs of nutrient shortage influence plant morphology and physiology. This study pioneers the non-destructive tracking and characterization of nutrient deficiency symptoms in common beans using multispectral and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, offering novel insights into the dynamic responses of plant morphology and physiology to specific nutrient shortages. Plants were cultivated in nutrient solutions with and without nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and control solution. Measurements were taken every three days for 12 days (MT1-MT4) of growth. K and N deficit plants had the earliest symptoms and most noticeable changes, whereas Fe deficiency plants had the slowest and least noticeable symptoms. Except for Fe, the most responsive chlorophyll fluorescence parameter was electron transport rate, which was reduced in plants from all nutrient deprivation treatments compared to control. All nutrient deficit treatments reduced leaf area at MT2, which was the most affected morphological parameter. The green leaf index, reflection in blue, and specific green were the most affected multispectral traits by nutritional deprivation. These findings demonstrate that plant nutrient deficit can be recognized and tracked non-destructively utilizing multispectral and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. Overall, our work not only sheds light on the dynamics of nutrient deficiency in common bean plants but also offers practical implications for improving crop management strategies using non-destructive digital technology.Zbog nedovoljne dostupnosti gnojiva uzgoj poljoprivrednih usjeva mogao bi pretrpjeti ozbiljne ekonomske gubitke. Specifični znakovi nedostatka hranjiva utječu na morfologiju i fiziologiju biljke. Koristeći multispektralne analize i klorofilnu fluorescenciju u ovom je radu opisan i kvantificiran razvoj simptoma nedostatka hranjiva (dušik (N), fosfor (P), kalij (K), magnezij (Mg) i željezo (Fe)) kod graha (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Biljke su uzgajane u hranjivim otopinama sa i bez N, P, K, Mg ili Fe. Mjerenja su provođena svaka tri dana tijekom 12 dana (MT1-MT4) rasta. Biljke s deficitom K i N su prve razvile simptome nedostatka hranjiva i imale su najizraženije fiziološke promjene, dok su biljke s nedostatkom Fe zadnje razvile simptome nedostatka hranjiva i imale najmanje izražene simptome. Od parametara klorofilne fluorescencije, u odnosu na kontrolu smanjenje transporta elektrona je najviše reagirao u svim tretmanima sa nedostatkom hranjiva, osim u slučaju tretmana s nedostatkom Fe. Svi tretmani s nedostatkom hranjivih tvari smanjili su lisnu površinu u MT2, Što predstavlja morfološki parametar koji je bio najviše pod utjecajem nedostatka hranjiva. Indeks zelenila lišća, refleksija u plavom spektru svjetlosti i refleksija u specifičnom zelenom spektru svjetlosti bila su multispektralna svojstva koja su najviše bila pod utjecajem nedostatka hranjiva. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da se nedostatak hranjiva može prepoznati i pratiti nedestruktivno korištenjem multispektralnih analiza i klorofilnom fluorescencijom

INFLUENCE OF SEED PRIMING ON GERMINATION OF MARIGOLD (CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L.) IN STRESS CONDITIONS

Neven (Calendula officinalis L.) je poznat po svojim ljekovitim svojstvima kao i primjeni u medicinskoj, kemijskoj, kozmetičkoj i prehrambenoj industriji. Prilagođen je umjerenoj klimi te mu je optimalna temperatura klijanja 20 °C. Klijanje sjemena i rani rast sadnica su najosjetljiviji stadiji na abiotske stresove, kao što su nepovoljna temperatura i suša, a predsjetveni tretmani sjemena pozitivno utječu na svojstva klijavosti ili kvalitetu sjemena i sadnica u stresnim uvjetima. S obzirom da se sjetva nevena obavlja čim se uspostave minimalni uvjeti, a tada temperature i količine oborina mogu biti znatno niže od optimalnih, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj predtretmana na svojstva klijavosti sjemena nevena u uvjetima niskih temperatura i suše (-0,8 MPa PEG 6000). Laboratorijskim pokusom istražen je utjecaj temperature (14 °C, 18 °C i 22 °C) na klijavost sjemena nevena uz predtretmane dH2O i GA3 (250 ppm) u trajanju od 24 h. Netretirano sjeme je predstavljalo kontrolu. Utvrđeno je da sjeme nevena ne klije u uvjetima suše bez obzira na predsjetveni tretman i na temperaturu pri kojoj je klijalo. Ni temperatura niti predtretman sjemena ne utječu značajno na broj proklijalih sjemenki nevena, ali utječu na brzinu klijanja.Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is known for its medicinal properties and is used in the medical, chemical, cosmetic, and food industries. It is adapted to a temperate climate and its optimum germination temperature is 20 °C. Seed germination and early seed ling growth are the most sensitive to abiotic stresses such as unfavourable temperatures and drought, while seed priming has a positive effect on germination properties of seed and seed ling quality under stressful conditions. Since sowing of marigolds is done as soon as the minimum conditions are established, when temperature sand precipitation canbes ignificantly lower than optimal, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of seed priming on the germination properties of marigold seeds under low temperature and drought (-0.8 MPa PEG 6000). The effect of temperature (14 °C, 18 °C, and 22 °C) on germination of marigold seeds with treatments containing dH2O and GA3 (250 ppm) for 24 h was studied under laboratory conditions. Untreated seed represented control. Marigold seeds did not germinate under drought conditions, regard less of seed priming treatments and temperatures. It was also found that neither temperature nor seed priming significantly affected the number of germinated marigold seeds, but did affect the germination rate

GERMINATION AND DORMANCY OF LEGUMES

Mahunarke su glavni izvor biljnih bjelančevina u svijetu stoga zauzimaju važnu ulogu u prehrani ljudi i hranidbi životinja. U Hrvatskoj se zrnate mahunarke pretežno uzgajaju na obiteljskim gospodarstvima na malim površinama. Za ljudsku prehranu najviše se uzgajaju grah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), grašak (Pisum sativum L.) i soja (Glycine max L. Merr.), a u manjoj mjeri bob (Vicia faba L.), slanutak (Cicer arietinum L.), leća (Lens culinaris Medik.), sjekirica (Lathyrus sativus L.), lupina (Lupinus spp.) i crnookica (Vigna unguiculata L.). Najvažnije krmne mahunarke su lucerna (Medicago sativa L.) i crvena djetelina (Trifolium pratense L.). Klijanje i dormantnost su složeni procesi sjemena biljaka koji su pod utjecajem gena, biljnih hormona i okolišnih čimbenika. Klijanje je osnovna karakteristika svakog zdravog sjemena i ono počinje kada su zadovoljeni određeni uvjeti (voda, temperatura, kisik, svjetlost i dr.) te je savladana dormantnost. Mahunarkama je svojstvena fizikalna dormantnost koja je uzrokovana tvrdom, nepropusnom sjemenom ljuskom, koja onemogućuje usvajanje vode i plinova. Kod modernih kultivara zrnatih mahunarki ovo je svojstvo izgubljeno tijekom procesa udomaćenja i oplemenjivanja. Danas je dormantnost tipična za divlje tipove zrnatih mahunarki i za krmne mahunarke, kod kojih je potrebno primijeniti metode skarifikacije ili stratifikacije kako bi se prekinula dormantnost te potaknulo i poboljšalo klijanje.Legumes are of great importance in human nutrition and animal feed as they are a major source of vegetable proteins. In Croatia, grain legumes are mainly grown on family farms in low-system production. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) are the most widely grown while broad bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), lupin (Lupinus spp.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) are grown to a lesser extent. The most common forage legumes in Croatia are alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Germination and dormancy are complex seed characteristics influenced by many genes, hormones and environmental factors. Germination of the healthy seed starts when all the environmental factors are satisfied (water, temperature, oxygen, light, etc.), and it has overcome primary dormancy. Physical dormancy is widespread in legume family and is caused by an impermeable seed coat for water and gases, but has been lost through domestication and breeding. Today, physical dormancy is typical for wild types of grain legumes and for forage legumes. Stratification and scarification methods are useful tools to break down dormancy and improve germination

GERMINATION AND DORMANCY OF LEGUMES

Mahunarke su glavni izvor biljnih bjelančevina u svijetu stoga zauzimaju važnu ulogu u prehrani ljudi i hranidbi životinja. U Hrvatskoj se zrnate mahunarke pretežno uzgajaju na obiteljskim gospodarstvima na malim površinama. Za ljudsku prehranu najviše se uzgajaju grah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), grašak (Pisum sativum L.) i soja (Glycine max L. Merr.), a u manjoj mjeri bob (Vicia faba L.), slanutak (Cicer arietinum L.), leća (Lens culinaris Medik.), sjekirica (Lathyrus sativus L.), lupina (Lupinus spp.) i crnookica (Vigna unguiculata L.). Najvažnije krmne mahunarke su lucerna (Medicago sativa L.) i crvena djetelina (Trifolium pratense L.). Klijanje i dormantnost su složeni procesi sjemena biljaka koji su pod utjecajem gena, biljnih hormona i okolišnih čimbenika. Klijanje je osnovna karakteristika svakog zdravog sjemena i ono počinje kada su zadovoljeni određeni uvjeti (voda, temperatura, kisik, svjetlost i dr.) te je savladana dormantnost. Mahunarkama je svojstvena fizikalna dormantnost koja je uzrokovana tvrdom, nepropusnom sjemenom ljuskom, koja onemogućuje usvajanje vode i plinova. Kod modernih kultivara zrnatih mahunarki ovo je svojstvo izgubljeno tijekom procesa udomaćenja i oplemenjivanja. Danas je dormantnost tipična za divlje tipove zrnatih mahunarki i za krmne mahunarke, kod kojih je potrebno primijeniti metode skarifikacije ili stratifikacije kako bi se prekinula dormantnost te potaknulo i poboljšalo klijanje.Legumes are of great importance in human nutrition and animal feed as they are a major source of vegetable proteins. In Croatia, grain legumes are mainly grown on family farms in low-system production. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) are the most widely grown while broad bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), lupin (Lupinus spp.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) are grown to a lesser extent. The most common forage legumes in Croatia are alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Germination and dormancy are complex seed characteristics influenced by many genes, hormones and environmental factors. Germination of the healthy seed starts when all the environmental factors are satisfied (water, temperature, oxygen, light, etc.), and it has overcome primary dormancy. Physical dormancy is widespread in legume family and is caused by an impermeable seed coat for water and gases, but has been lost through domestication and breeding. Today, physical dormancy is typical for wild types of grain legumes and for forage legumes. Stratification and scarification methods are useful tools to break down dormancy and improve germination