Space for Rights. The School Between Planning Standard and Social Innovation

The paper straddles the boundary between urbanism and sociology, working on the common ground of rights: public services and facilities (‘planning standard,’ according to the Italian spatial planning legislation) on the one hand and the care of the commons on the other, in addition to attempting to grapple with a third dimension of rights that places space and society alongside law. This methodological hypothesis is practiced from the critical analysis of one of the basic public facilities: the school. In the national debate on public services and common goods, school spaces are one of the recurring examples of how they have functionality as public educational services during school time and how they can also have other functional profiles as common goods, i.e., as civic centers open to the urban community during out-of-school hours. The theme of the hybridization of spaces and functions emerges with ever-increasing theoretical and empirical force in the reflections on so-called social innovation. Even if, in several cases, many people ignored one of the most beautiful definitions of planning standards by Giovanni Astengo (1966). He stated that, besides being a minimum, standards represent a minimum of civilization. The paper intends to bring attention to the complex value of spatial and social resources related to schools

Il governo dei fenomeni sovracomunali: contesto, struttura e forma del Piano intercomunale torinese 1964

Il capitolo intende muovere primi passi nella direzione di approfondire temi e contenuti del dibattito urbanistico italiano nella fase in cui Giampiero Vigliano, architetto urbanista membro dell’Inu dal territorio della Sezione Piemonte e Valle d’Aosta, è impegnato nei lavori del VI Congresso Inu “La pianificazione intercomunale” (Torino, 18-21 ottobre 1956) e successivamente incaricato (nel 1959) del coordinamento dell’Ufficio studi per la redazione del Piano regolatore intercomunale di Torino

Rileggere Falchera: un approccio urbanistico

Il capitolo illustra un possibile approccio alla reinterpretazione del quartiere Falchera oggi, attraverso tre chiavi di lettura: la crescita residenziale del secondo dopoguerra; l'evoluzione degli strumenti urbanistici e delle dotazioni pubbliche; la cartografia di base e le mappe tematiche

Nuove tecniche e paradigmi per la pianificazione e progettazione urbanistica. Scenari ecosistemici per l’area Basse di Stura a Torino

Nella città contemporanea il suolo è ancora al centro del progetto urbano ma con un ruolo e in una prospettiva del tutto nuovi: esso richiede di essere interpretato, protetto, potenziato e valorizzato per accrescere benessere e sicurezza delle comunità. In tal senso i Servizi Ecosistemici (SE) divengono un paradigma centrale ed è pertanto necessario saper comprendere il modo in cui il suolo è, o non è, in grado di svolgere le proprie funzionalità ecologiche e quindi fornire SE, facendo di tale conoscenza uno strumento utile in supporto ai processi decisionali del governo del territorio. L’approccio ecosistemico utilizza metodologie, procedure e tecniche basate su modelli GIS che, spazializzando i valori biofisici di fornitura di SE in differenti scenari temporali, consentono di ottenere informazioni spazialmente esplicite (mappe) e di dettaglio, evidenziando punti di forza e debolezza del suolo. Sul piano metodologico il paper esplora il caso Basse di Stura a Torino, un'area di 150 ettari, molta parte dei quali da bonificare, che il vigente PRG classifica a Parco urbano e fluviale, situata al margine nord del sistema urbano densamente insediato della città. Nell’ambito degli esiti del Workshop didattico “Rigenerare lo spazio pubblico. Standard, suolo e servizi ecosistemici”, il paper argomenta sulla capacità dell’analisi quali-quantitativa biofisica dei SE di: i) definire metodologie operative per produrre “nuova conoscenza” a supporto di processi sostenibili di governo del territorio; ii) definire metodologie progettuali per lo spazio pubblico quale ambito strategico per politiche integrate di rigenerazione urbanistica, ecologico-paesaggistica, storico-ambientale e architettonica e iii) sensibilizzare all’importanza di un approccio intersettoriale e multidisciplinare per il governo sostenibile della città e del territorio

The interplay between HLA-B27 and ERAP1/ERAP2 aminopeptidases: from anti-viral protection to spondyloarthritis

The human leukocyte antigen class I gene HLA-B27 is the strongest risk factor for ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory arthritic disorder. More recently, the Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase (ERAP) 1 and 2 genes have been identified by genome wide association studies (GWAS) as additional susceptibility factors. In the ER, these aminopeptidases trim the peptides to a length suitable to fit into the groove of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. It is noteworthy that an epistatic interaction between HLA-B27 and ERAP1, but not between HLA-B27 and ERAP2, has been highlighted. However, these observations suggest a paramount centrality for the HLA-B27 peptide repertoire that determines the natural B27 immunological function, i.e. the T cell antigen presentation and, as a by-product, elicits HLA-B27 aberrant behaviours: (i) the misfolding leading to ER stress responses and autophagy and (ii) the surface expression of homodimers acting as ligands for innate immune receptors. In this context, it has been observed that the HLA-B27 carriers, besides being prone to autoimmunity, display a far better surveillance to some viral infections. This review focuses on the ambivalent role of HLA-B27 in autoimmunity and viral protection correlating its functions to the quantitative and qualitative effects of ERAP1 and ERAP2 polymorphisms on their enzymatic activity

Continuous positive airway pressure treatment in addition to optimal medical therapy for ventricular ectopy in a patient with heart failure and sleep-related breathing disorder

In this report we describe the case of a 56-year-old man with a medical history of onset of asthenia, palpitations and dyspnoea for mild efforts. After a negative ergometric test for myocardial ischaemia and 24-h Holter monitoring showing frequent ventricular premature beats, but an echocardiogram with significant dilation and dysfunction of the left ventricle, coronary angiography was performed and did not show haemodynamically significant stenosis. Regarding the anamnesis of snoring, daytime sleepiness and the relationship between sleep-related breathing disorder and cardiovascular disease, we performed a cardiorespiratory sleep study that indicated a diagnosis of sleep-related breathing disorder with prevalent obstructive apnoea. In addition to optimal medical therapy for cardiovascular disease, the patient began therapy with continuous positive airway pressure during the night. This showed a considerable decrease in ventricular premature beats (VPBs) during the night, a better control of ventricular ectopy during the day and a better compliance with medical therapy

Sensitization to nsLTP: A Retrospective Study in An Italian Pediatric Population over the Last Decade

Background. Food allergy is common in the Mediterranean, especially concerning lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) allergy. LTPs are widespread plant food allergens in fruits, vegetables, nuts, pollen, and latex. Also, LTPs are prevalent food allergens in the Mediterranean area. They can sensitize via the gastrointestinal tract and cause a wide range of conditions: from mild reactions, such as oral allergy syndrome, to severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis. LTP allergy in the adult population is well described in the literature, concerning both the prevalence and clinical characteristics. However, there is poor knowledge about its prevalence and clinical manifestation in children living in the Mediterranean. Materials and Methods. This study, including 800 children aged from 1 to 18 years, investigated the prevalence of 8 different molecules of nonspecific LTP over time in an Italian pediatric population visited over the last 11 years. Results. About 52% of the test population was sensitized to at least one LTP molecule. For all the LTPs analyzed, sensitization increased over time. In particular, using the years 2010 through 2020 as a comparison, the major increases were observed for the LTPs of the English walnut Jug r 3, the peanut Ara h 9, and the plane tree Pla a 3 (about 50%); the increase of the LTP of the Hazelnut Cor a 8 was about 36%, and that of the LTP of the artemisia Art v 3 was approximately 30%. Conclusions. The latest evidence in the literature indicates an increase in food allergy prevalence in the general population, including children. Therefore, the present survey represents an interesting perspective about the pediatric population of the Mediterranean area, exploring the trend of LTP allergy

The Ankylosing Spondylitis-Associated HLA-B*2705 Presents a B*0702-Restricted EBV Epitope and Sustains the Clonal Amplification of Cytotoxic T Cells in Patients

Abstract HLA-B*27 is strongly associated with an inflammatory autoimmune disorder, the Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and plays a protective role in viral infections. The two aspects might be linked. In this work, we compared in B*2705/B*07 positive patients with AS, the CD8+ T cell responses to two immunodominant EBV-derived epitopes restricted for either the HLA-B*27 (pEBNA3C) or the HLA-B*07 (pEBNA3A). We have unexpectedly found that the HLA-B*07-restricted EBNA3A peptide is presented by both the B*0702 and the B*2705 but not by the non AS-associated B*2709, that differs from the AS-associated B*2705 for a single amino acid in the peptide-binding groove (His116Asp). We then analyzed 38 B*2705-positive/B*07-negative (31 AS-patients and 7 healthy donors) and 8 B*2709-positive/B*07-negative subjects. EBNA3A-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes were present in 55.3% of the HLA-B*2705 but in none of the B*2709 donors (p = 0.0049). TCR β-chain analysis identified common TCRBV and TCRBJ gene segments and shared CDR3β sequences in pEBNA3A-responsive CTLs of B*2705 carriers, suggesting the existence of a shared TCR repertoire for recognition of the uncanonical B*2705/pEBNA3A complex. These data highlight the plasticity of the AS-associated HLA-B*2705, which presents peptides with suboptimal binding motifs, possibly contributing both to its enhanced capacity to protect against pathogens and to predispose to autoimmunity