Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus <i>Orotettix</i> Ronderos & Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data

The reciprocal illumination nature of integrative taxonomy through hypothesis testing, corroboration and revision is a powerful tool for species delimitation as more than one source has to support the hypothesis of a new species. In this study, we applied an integrative taxonomy approach combining molecular and morphological data sets with distributional patterns to examine the level of differentiation between and within the grasshopper Orotettix species. Orotettix was described based on five valid species distributed in the Andes of Peru. In our study, initially a molecular-based hypothesis was postulated and tested against morphological data and geographical patterns of distribution. Results from molecular and morphological analyses showed agreement among the species delimitation in Orotettix, and were also consistent with the geographical distribution. The analyses allowed us to delimit five new species for the genus (O. lunatus sp. nov., O.astreptos sp. nov., O. colcaensis sp. nov., O.paucartambensis sp. nov. and O.dichrous sp. nov.) from the Eastern and Western Cordilleras of Peru. We also provide critical knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships and distribution of the genus and conduct a revision of Orotettix.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoCentro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus <i>Orotettix</i> Ronderos & Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data

The reciprocal illumination nature of integrative taxonomy through hypothesis testing, corroboration and revision is a powerful tool for species delimitation as more than one source has to support the hypothesis of a new species. In this study, we applied an integrative taxonomy approach combining molecular and morphological data sets with distributional patterns to examine the level of differentiation between and within the grasshopper Orotettix species. Orotettix was described based on five valid species distributed in the Andes of Peru. In our study, initially a molecular-based hypothesis was postulated and tested against morphological data and geographical patterns of distribution. Results from molecular and morphological analyses showed agreement among the species delimitation in Orotettix, and were also consistent with the geographical distribution. The analyses allowed us to delimit five new species for the genus (O. lunatus sp. nov., O.astreptos sp. nov., O. colcaensis sp. nov., O.paucartambensis sp. nov. and O.dichrous sp. nov.) from the Eastern and Western Cordilleras of Peru. We also provide critical knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships and distribution of the genus and conduct a revision of Orotettix.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoCentro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus <i>Orotettix</i> Ronderos & Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data

The reciprocal illumination nature of integrative taxonomy through hypothesis testing, corroboration and revision is a powerful tool for species delimitation as more than one source has to support the hypothesis of a new species. In this study, we applied an integrative taxonomy approach combining molecular and morphological data sets with distributional patterns to examine the level of differentiation between and within the grasshopper Orotettix species. Orotettix was described based on five valid species distributed in the Andes of Peru. In our study, initially a molecular-based hypothesis was postulated and tested against morphological data and geographical patterns of distribution. Results from molecular and morphological analyses showed agreement among the species delimitation in Orotettix, and were also consistent with the geographical distribution. The analyses allowed us to delimit five new species for the genus (O. lunatus sp. nov., O.astreptos sp. nov., O. colcaensis sp. nov., O.paucartambensis sp. nov. and O.dichrous sp. nov.) from the Eastern and Western Cordilleras of Peru. We also provide critical knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships and distribution of the genus and conduct a revision of Orotettix.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoCentro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Structure-Based Analysis of Five Novel Disease-Causing Mutations in 21-Hydroxylase-Deficient Patients

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most frequent inborn error of metabolism, and accounts for 90–95% of CAH cases. The affected enzyme, P450C21, is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene, located together with a 98% nucleotide sequence identity CYP21A1P pseudogene, on chromosome 6p21.3. Even though most patients carry CYP21A1P-derived mutations, an increasing number of novel and rare mutations in disease causing alleles were found in the last years. In the present work, we describe five CYP21A2 novel mutations, p.R132C, p.149C, p.M283V, p.E431K and a frameshift g.2511_2512delGG, in four non-classical and one salt wasting patients from Argentina. All novel point mutations are located in CYP21 protein residues that are conserved throughout mammalian species, and none of them were found in control individuals. The putative pathogenic mechanisms of the novel variants were analyzed in silico. A three-dimensional CYP21 structure was generated by homology modeling and the protein design algorithm FoldX was used to calculate changes in stability of CYP21A2 protein. Our analysis revealed changes in protein stability or in the surface charge of the mutant enzymes, which could be related to the clinical manifestation found in patients

Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Darunavir/Cobicistat in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Findings From the Multicenter Italian CORIST Study

Background: Protease inhibitors have been considered as possible therapeutic agents for COVID-19 patients. Objectives: To describe the association between lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) or darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c) use and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Multicenter observational study of COVID-19 patients admitted in 33 Italian hospitals. Medications, preexisting conditions, clinical measures, and outcomes were extracted from medical records. Patients were retrospectively divided in three groups, according to use of LPV/r, DRV/c or none of them. Primary outcome in a time-to event analysis was death. We used Cox proportional-hazards models with inverse probability of treatment weighting by multinomial propensity scores. Results: Out of 3,451 patients, 33.3% LPV/r and 13.9% received DRV/c. Patients receiving LPV/r or DRV/c were more likely younger, men, had higher C-reactive protein levels while less likely had hypertension, cardiovascular, pulmonary or kidney disease. After adjustment for propensity scores, LPV/r use was not associated with mortality (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.13), whereas treatment with DRV/c was associated with a higher death risk (HR = 1.89, 1.53 to 2.34, E-value = 2.43). This increased risk was more marked in women, in elderly, in patients with higher severity of COVID-19 and in patients receiving other COVID-19 drugs. Conclusions: In a large cohort of Italian patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a real-life setting, the use of LPV/r treatment did not change death rate, while DRV/c was associated with increased mortality. Within the limits of an observational study, these data do not support the use of LPV/r or DRV/c in COVID-19 patients

Figure 2 in Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos & Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data

Figure 2 Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of COI characters. Acronyms of specimens according to Table 1. Numbers on branches indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers in parentheses indicate bootstrap supports of maximum-parsimony analysis. Results of General Mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) analysis are represented as lateral bars with different line patterns. Each bar indicates a different cluster identified by GMYC. Solid black patterns indicate clusters which coincide with species delimitation based on results from the other molecular, morphological and geographical analyses. 1, O. andeanus; 2, O. sp. 1; 3, O. sp. 2; 4, O. hortensis; 5, O. sp. 3; 6, O. sp. 4; 7, O. carrascoi; 8, O. sp. 5; 9, O. ceballosi.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Pocco, Martina E., Minutolo, Carolina, Dinghi, Pablo A., Lange, Carlos E., Confalonieri, Viviana A. &amp; Cigliano, María Marta, 2015, Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos &amp; Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data, pp. 733-759 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on page 739, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12251, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107029"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107029&lt;/a&gt

Figure 13 in Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos & Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data

Figure 13 Outgroup taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses, species as indicated. Phallic complex. A, D, G, J, distal portion of aedeagal valves, lateral view; B, E, H, K, distal portion of aedeagal valves, dorsal view; C, F, I, L, epiphallus, dorsal view. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the phylogenetic analyses.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Pocco, Martina E., Minutolo, Carolina, Dinghi, Pablo A., Lange, Carlos E., Confalonieri, Viviana A. &amp; Cigliano, María Marta, 2015, Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos &amp; Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data, pp. 733-759 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on page 758, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12251, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107029"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107029&lt;/a&gt

Figure 12 in Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos & Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data

Figure 12 Outgroup taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses, species as indicated. A, C, E, G, male distal abdominal segments, dorsal view; B, D, F, H, male distal abdominal segments, lateral view. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the phylogenetic analyses.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Pocco, Martina E., Minutolo, Carolina, Dinghi, Pablo A., Lange, Carlos E., Confalonieri, Viviana A. &amp; Cigliano, María Marta, 2015, Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos &amp; Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data, pp. 733-759 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on page 757, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12251, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107029"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107029&lt;/a&gt

Figure 11 in Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos & Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data

Figure 11 Outgroup taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses, species as indicated. A–D, male habitus. Scale bars: 5 mm. Numbers indicate characters and states used in the phylogenetic analyses.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Pocco, Martina E., Minutolo, Carolina, Dinghi, Pablo A., Lange, Carlos E., Confalonieri, Viviana A. &amp; Cigliano, María Marta, 2015, Species delimitation in the Andean grasshopper genus Orotettix Ronderos &amp; Carbonell (Orthoptera: Melanoplinae): an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular and biogeographical data, pp. 733-759 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on page 756, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12251, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107029"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107029&lt;/a&gt