Pembuatan Kulit Atasan Sepatu Bebas Krom

The purpose of this study was to obtain the process formulation for leather tanning in manufacturing chrome-free upper leather. The tanning process used vegetable tanning material (mimosa), syntan, and combination of vegetable-syntan. The leather were prepared using 25, 30, and 35% of mimosa, 10, 15, and 20% of syntan, and 15:10; 15:15; and 20%:15% of mimosa:syntan. Chrome tanning material 6% was used as control. Based from the results of physical testing according to SNI 0234:2009, the resulting leather met the quality requirements for shoe upper leather. Tanning process with 20% syntan gave the best result

<i>Ischnacanthus gracilis</i> specimen NMS G.1891.92.265 from Tillywhandland Quarry, Forfarshire, Scotland.

<p>Articulated, laterally compressed fish with nasal bones (nb) preserved as the anteriormost dermal structures, in front of the orbit (o) and the dentigerous jaw bones (djb). Other abbreviations: adfs = anterior dorsal fin spine; pectfs = pectoral fin spine; sc = scapulocoracoid. Scale bar: 1 cm.</p

<i>Nerepisacanthus denisoni</i>, new specimen ROM64622 from the Bertie Formation.

<p>(A) part (right side, uppermost as deposited) photo and (B) outline drawing; (C) counterpart (left side, lowermost as preserved) photo and (D) outline drawing. Abbreviations: adfs = anterior dorsal fin spine; afs = anal fin spine; djb = dentigerous jaw bones; ll = lateral line; pdf = posterior dorsal fin; pectfs = pectoral fin spine; pelvfs = pelvic fin spine; sc = scapulocoracoid. Scale bars: 1 cm.</p

<i>Nerepisacanthus denisoni</i> ROM64622.

<p>(A) head and pectoral regions on part; (B) head region on counterpart; (C) natural sections through main cusps on lateral teeth of the upper set of jaws on the counterpart, and (D) subsidiary cusps on lateral tooth and section through a denticle on the median ridge of the left pair of dentigerous jaw bones, on the part; (E) gill region behind the lower set of jaws on the part; (F) remnants of possible prepectoral plate, below the jaws on the counterpart; (G) proximal half of the anterior dorsal fin spine on the part; (H) pectoral fin spine of the right side, on the part; (I) pectoral, pelvic and anal fin spines on the counterpart, head to right. Abbreviations: bc = basal cartilage; brd = branchial denticles; nb = nasal bones; o = orbit; pp = prepectoral plate; sl = sensory line. Scale bar: 1 cm A, H, I; 1 mm B–G.</p

<i>Nerepisacanthus denisoni</i> ROM64622, squamation.

<p>(A) mid-flank on part, below anterior dorsal fin spine, showing lateral line position; (B) patch of scales on counterpart with crowns exposed midflank (anterior to top), whitened with magnesium oxide; (C) vertical thin section of midflank scale; (D) horizontal section through the anterior half of a scale crown; (E) oblique/horizontal section of midflank scale, through crown and base; (F) acid-etched squamation over the jaw joint on the counterpart, whitened. Abbreviations: cgz = crown growth zones; om = odontocytic mesodentine. Scale bar: 1 mm A, B, F; 0.1 mm C–E.</p

Preparation of <i>Gogoselachus lynbeazleyae</i> WAM 09.6.145, Gogo Formation, Western Australia.

<p>(A) Meckel's cartilage as exposed on collection, before acetic acid etching. (B) specimen during early acid preparation. (C) Meckel's cartilages WAM 09.6.145–001 (left), WAM 09.6.145–002 (right) after full preparation, shown articulated in dorsal view.</p

Left scapulocoracoid WAM 09.6.145–007 of <i>Gogoselachus lynbeazleyae</i>, Gogo Formation, Western Australia.

<p>(A) posterior (B) medial and (C) lateral views. D, close up of posterior face showing articulation area for pectoral fin, E., interpretation of same area. F, close up of central lateral surface showing diazonal foramen (df). Abbreviations: af, articulation facets; artc, articular crest; br, break in bone; cobr, coracobrachialis muscle attachment area; cohy, coracohyoideus muscle attachment area; cp, coracoid plate; df, diazonal foramina; muscle attachment areas; flr, mediolateral pectoral retractor muscle attachment area; pdm, pectoral depressor muscle attachment area; pla, posterolateral process; pf.ar1,2, pectoral fin articulation areas 1 and 2; pla, posterolateral angle; pva, posteroventral angle; ri, ridge; sup, supinator attachment area.</p

Comparative endoskeletal tissues in other Devonian gnathostomes.

<p>(A) globular (or granular) calcified cartilage preserved in the head region on stem chondrichthyan <i>Doliodus problematicus</i> NBMG 10127. (B) vertical thin section of large calcified cartilage globules in <i>Euthacanthus macnicoli</i> NMS G.2010.7.40. (C–E) placoderm endoskeletal tissues (C) SEM of QMF53545, perichondral bone sheet with honeycomb ‘cells’ in an antiarch from the upper Lower Devonian Cravens Peak Beds, western Queensland. (D) scans of perichondral bone from the Early Devonian <i>Parabuchanosteus murrumbidgeensis</i> from Taemas, ANU V24x. (E) section of sheet of crystalline calcite associated with a specimen of antiarch placoderm <i>Bothriolepis canadensis</i>; arrows show separation between individual crystals. (F–H) prismatic calcified cartilage of an undetermined shark from the Early Carboniferous Laurel Formation, northwestern Australia, QMF57586, QMF57587. (F) transmitted light image of QMF57588 showing variation in tesserae size (G, H) vertical section showing layout of tesserae, with prismatic structure visible under cross-nicols in (H). Scale bars = 1 mm in (A), (F), 0.1 mm in (B), (E), (G).</p

Right scapulocoracoid WAM 09.6.145–007 of <i>Gogoselachus lynbeazleyae</i>, Gogo Formation, Western Australia.

<p>(A) lateral (B) posterior and (C) medial views, with close up of articulatory area for pectoral fin in E, F. D, articulation area for pectoral fin articulation on left scapulocoracoid for comparison. Abbreviations as for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126066#pone.0126066.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>.</p

Teeth of sharks from the Upper Devonian of central Iran.

<p>(A–C) <i>Arduodens flammeus</i> Hairapetian & Ginter, 2009, from Chahriseh, AEU 610, in lingual, aboral, and lateral views. (D–G) <i>Deihim mansureae</i> Ginter, Hairapetian and Klug, 2002. (D, E) Holotype, IGPUW/Ps/5/1, from Hutk, in oral and lateral views. (F, G) Putative anterior tooth, AEU 239, from Hodjedk, in labial and oral views. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.</p