6 research outputs found
Patterning Polymer Thin Films: Lithographically Induced Self Assembly and Spinodal Dewetting
In an age in which the microchip is ubiquitous, the rewards for novel methods of microfabrification are great, and the vast possibilities of nanotechnology lie just a little ahead. Various methods of microlithography offer differing benefits, and even as older techniques such as optical lithography are being refined beyond what were once considered their upper limits of resolution, new techniques show great promise for going even further once they reach their technological maturity. Recent developments in optical lithography may allow it to break the 100-nm limit even without resorting to x-rays
Hydrohalite Salt-albedo Feedback Could Cool M-dwarf Planets
A possible surface type that may form in the environments of M-dwarf planets
is sodium chloride dihydrate, or "hydrohalite" (NaCl 2HO), which
can precipitate in bare sea ice at low temperatures. Unlike salt-free water
ice, hydrohalite is highly reflective in the near-infrared, where M-dwarf stars
emit strongly, making the effect of the interaction between hydrohalite and the
M-dwarf SED necessary to quantify. We carried out the first exploration of the
climatic effect of hydrohalite-induced salt-albedo feedback on extrasolar
planets, using a three-dimensional global climate model. Under fixed CO
conditions, rapidly-rotating habitable-zone M-dwarf planets receiving 65% or
less of the modern solar constant from their host stars exhibit cooler
temperatures when an albedo parameterization for hydrohalite is included in
climate simulations, compared to simulations without such a parameterization.
Differences in global mean surface temperature with and without this
parameterization increase as the instellation is lowered, which may increase
CO build-up requirements for habitable conditions on planets with active
carbon cycles. Synchronously-rotating habitable-zone M-dwarf planets appear
susceptible to salt-albedo feedback at higher levels of instellation (90% or
less of the modern solar constant) than planets with Earth-like rotation
periods, due to their cooler minimum day-side temperatures. These instellation
levels where hydrohalite seems most relevant correspond to several
recently-discovered potentially habitable M-dwarf planets, including Proxima
Centauri b, TRAPPIST-1e, and LHS 1140b, making an albedo parameterization for
hydrohalite of immediate importance in future climate simulations.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journa
The Astrobiology Primer v2.0
Astrobiology is the science that seeks to understand the story of life in our universe. Astrobiology includes investigation of the conditions that are necessary for life to emerge and flourish, the origin of life, the ways that life has evolved and adapted to the wide range of environmental conditions here on Earth, the search for life beyond Earth, the habitability of extraterrestrial environments, and consideration of the future of life here on Earth and elsewhere. It therefore requires knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology, and many more specialized scientific areas including astronomy, geology, planetary science, microbiology, atmospheric science, and oceanography. However, astrobiology is more than just a collection of different disciplines. In seeking to understand the full story of life in the Universe in a holistic way, astrobiology asks questions that transcend all these individual scientific subjects. Astrobiological research potentially has much broader consequences than simply scientific discovery, as it includes questions that have been of great interest to human beings for millennia (e.g., are we alone?) and raises issues that could affect the way the human race views and conducts itself as a species (e.g., what are our ethical responsibilities to any life discovered beyond Earth?)