Typhlocolitis by Edwardsiella tarda in a Cow

Background: Edwardsiella tarda has been report as etiology of gastroenteritis in both human and veterinary medicine, usually associated with exposure to aquatic environments in immunocompromised individuals. The present report describes a case of typhlocolitis in a cow in the west region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Case: After clinically evaluation of animal and proceeding euthanasia and realized the necropsy. Tissue samples were collected, and routinely processed for histological examination. Histopathological lesions were described as mild, moderate and severe. Tissue and swabs samples of small and large intestine were sent to standard microbiological culture processing. At necropsy, cattle presented severe dehydration and emaciation. Eye and vaginal mucosa were severely congested. The opening of the abdominal cavity revealed a great amount of greenish fluid and a large amount of fecal material, associated with diffuse severe peritonitis, evidenced by hyperemia and severe deposition of fibrin in the visceral and parietal peritoneal surface. In the serosa of the cecum, there were two points of rupture, observed in the proximal colon. The mucosa of cecum and colon were severely edematous, hyperemic, and presented diffusely distributed pinpoint round hemorrhages, as well as fibrinonecrotic material adhered to the surface. Histologically, in the mucosa of cecum and colon, moderate to severe diffuse inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells associated with multifocal severe necrosis were observed. Moderate diffuse fibrin deposition was evidenced in the submucosa and muscular, as well as multifocal moderate necrosis in the muscular layer. In the serous, severe diffuse inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils associated with fibrin deposition and innumerous coccoid bacterial colonies were observed. The samples subjected to bacterial isolation showed growth of Edwardsiella tarda. All samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp.Discussion: The final diagnosis was established through the association of clinical history, clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions, as well as, bacterial isolation of the etiological agent, Edwardsiella tarda. In this case, it is conjectured that the reservoirs which cattle had access represented the source of infection. The fact that the animal was in the immediate postpartum period may have predisposed to the development of clinical disease due to immunosuppression. In domestic animals, Edwardsiella tarda has been reported in swine, and as a cause of septicemia in calves. Clinically, intestinal manifestations observed in edwardsiellosis in cattle are indistinguishable from several other conditions that cause diarrhea, such as infectious, nutritional or parasitic diseases. The main differential diagnoses are salmonellosis and yersiniosis due to the similarities regarding to gross and histopathological lesions in these cases compared to cases of edwardsiellosis. Salmonellosis is characterized by grey to yellowish, fetid diarrhea in which blood and mucus are oftentimes observed. At necropsy, catarrhal, hemorrhagic or fibrinous enteritis may be evidenced. The lesions initially are seen in the ileum. However, in the chronic stages of infection, foci of necrosis and ulceration may be noted mainly in the cecum and colon. Histologically, a fibrin layer associated with necrosis and mucosal ulceration can be observed in the small intestine and initial portion of large intestine. Inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly by neutrophils, as well as fibrin thrombi in capillaries and venules are also observed. Lesions observed are similar that described in ulcerative colitis by E. tarda in human patients. In conclusion, Edwardsiella tarda can lead to a fatal typhlocolitis in cattle, being an important differential diagnosis in cases of acute diarrhea.Arya A.V., Rostom A., Dong W.F. & Flynn A.N. 2011. Crohn’s Disease Exacerbation Induced by Edwardsiella tarda Gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. 5(3): 623-627.Engel J.J. & Martin T.L. 2006. Edwardsiella tarda as a cause of postdysenteric ulcerative colitis. International Journal Colarectal Disease. 21(2): 184-185.Ewing W.H., McWhorter A.C., Escobar M.R. & Lubin A.H. 1965. Edwardsiella, a new genus of enterobacteriaceae based on a new species, E. tarda. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 15(1): 33-38.Gelberg H.B. 2013.Sistema Alimentar, Peritônio, Omento Mesentério e Cavidade Peritonial. In: McGavin M.D. & Zachary F.M. (Eds). Bases da patologia em veterinária. 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, pp.378-382.Janda J.M. & Abbott S.L. 1993.Infections Associated with the Genus Edwardsiella: the role of Edwardsiella tarda in human disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 17(4): 742-748.Leung K.Y., Siame B.A., Tenkink B.J., Noort R.J. & Mok Y.K. 2012. Edwardsiella tarda – Virulence mechanisms of an emerging gastroenteritis pathogen. Microbes and Infection. 14(1): 26-34. Litton K.M. & Rogers B.A. 2016.  Edwardsiella tarda Endocarditis Confirmed by Indium-111 White Blood Cell Scan: An Unusual Pathogen and Diagnostic Modality. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2016:1-3.  Magalhães H., Freitas M.A., Santos J.A. & Costa C.H.C. 1984. Septicemia por Edwardsiella tarda, em bezerro. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 19(3): 367-370.Hirai Y., Ashata-Tago S., Ainoda Y., Fujita T. & Kikuchi K. 2015.Edwardsiella tarda bacteremia. A rare but fatal water – and foodborne infection: Review of the literature and clinical cases from a single centre. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 26(6): 313-318. Mikamo H., Ninomiya M., Sawamura H. & Tamaya T. 2003. Puerperal intrauterine infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 9(4): 341-343.Mohanti B.R. & Sahoo P.K. 2007. Edwardsiellosis in fish: a brief review. Journal of biosciences. 32(7): 1331-1344. Owens D.R., Nelson S.L. & Addinon J.B. 1974. Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from Swine. Appllied microbiology. 27(4): 703-705.Park S.B., Aokil T. & Jung T.S. 2012. Pathogenesis of and strategies for preventing Edwardsiella tarda infection in fish. Veterinary Research. 43(1): 67.Riet-Correa F., Schild A.L., Méndez M.D.C. & Lemos R.A.A. 2007.Doenças de Ruminantes e Equídeos. 3.ed. Santa Maria: Pallotti, 998p. Slaven E.M., Lopez F.A., Hart S.M. & Sanders C.V. 2001. Myonecrosis Caused by Edwardsiella tarda: A Case Report and Case Series of Extraintestinal E. tarda Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32(10): 1430-1433.Tamada T., Koganemaru H., Mastsumoto K. & Hitomi S. 2009.Urosepsis caused by Edwardsiella tarda Journal of infection and chemotherapy. 15(3): 191-194.Thune R.L., Stanley L.A. & Cooper R.K. 1993. Pathogenesis of gram-negative bacterial infections in warm water fish. Annual Reviem of Fish Diseases. 3: 37-68.Uzal F.A., Plattiner B.L. & Hostetter J.M. 2015. Alimentary system. In: Maxie M.G. (Ed). Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s Pathology of domestic animals.v.2. 6th edn. Saint Louis: Elsevier, pp.167-177. Wang I.K., Kuo H.L., Chen Y.M., Lin C.L., Chang H.Y., Chuang F.R. & Lee M.H. 2005. Extraintestinal manifestations of Edwardsiella tarda infection. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 59(8): 917-921.

DOENÇAS DIAGNOSTICADAS PELO LABORATÓRIO DE PATOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA EM 2017

Este trabalho apresenta a casuística de diagnósticos no ano de 2017 do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do IFC Campus Concórdia. Foram 230 diagnósticos em bovinos, 32 em ovinos e 93 em suínos, totalizando 355. Destes, 247 (69,6%) foram através de necropsias e 108 (30,4%) através de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinários. Em bovinos as doenças mais incidentes foram anaplasmose e babesiose com 11 casos cada (4,8%); endocardite com 7 casos (3,0%); hemoncose com 6 casos (2,6%) e retículo pericardite traumática com 6 casos (2,6%). Já em ovinos foi hemoncose com 5 casos (15,7%) e suínos doença de Glässer e colibacilose com 6 casos cada (6,4%).

DOENÇAS DIAGNOSTICADAS PELO LABORATÓRIO DE PATOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA EM 2016

Este trabalho apresenta a casuística de diagnósticos no ano de 2016 do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do IFC Campus Concórdia. Foram 236 diagnósticos em bovinos, 31 em ovinos e 125 em suínos, totalizando 392. Destes, 268 (68,4%) foram através de necropsias e 124 (31,6%) através de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinários. Em bovinos as doenças mais incidentes foram miosite clostridial com 16 casos (6,8%); leucose enzoótica bovina com 9 casos (3,8%); salmonelose com 8 casos (3,4%); intoxicação por nitrato/nitrito com 8 casos (3,4%); hemoncose com 7 casos (3,1%) e anaplasmose com 6 casos (2,6%). Já em ovinos foi hemoncose com 6 casos (19,4%) e em suínos doença de Glässer com 8 casos (6,4%); circovirose com 6 casos (4,8%) e raquitismo com 6 casos (4,8%).

AVALIAÇÃO DO PERFIL PANCREÁTICO EXÓCRINO DE BOVINOS ESPONTÂNEAMENTE INFECTADOS POR Eurytrema sp.

Euritrematose bovina é causada pelo Eurytrema spp., um trematódeo que viveprincipalmente nos ductos pancreáticos de ruminantes, predominantemente nos estadosdo sul do Brasil. Lesões pancreáticas macroscópicas foram descritas como atrofiapancreática, pancreatite intersticial fibrosante e obliteração total ou parcial dos ductospancreáticos. Estas alterações potencialmente podem ocasionar transtornos nasfunções do pâncreas. Neste contexto, é sensato admitir que os processos digestivos emetabólicos dependentes das funções pancreáticas podem ser afetados e os animaisportadores de lesões pancreáticas podem apresentar diminuição na digestibilidade denutrientes, podendo acarretar em alterações séricas, hematológicas e fecais, sendo oobjetivo deste projeto a identificação destas alterações

DOENÇAS DIAGNOSTICADAS PELO LABORATÓRIO DE PATOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA NO QUINQUÊNIO 2013-2017

Este trabalho apresenta a casuística de diagnósticos nos anos de 2013 a 2017 do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do IFC Campus Concórdia. Foram 865 diagnósticos em bovinos, 131 em ovinos e 367 em suínos, totalizando 1363. Destes, 1000 (80,4%) foram através de necropsias e 363 (19,6%) através de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinários. Em bovinos as doenças mais incidentes foram miosite clostridial com 34 casos (3,8%); babesiose com 31 casos cada (3,6%); leucose enzoótica bovina com 28 casos (3,2%); anaplasmose com 27 casos (3,1%); hemoncose com 26 casos (3,0%); intoxicação por Pteridium arachnoideumcom 26 casos (3,0%); peritonite com 23 casos (2,7%) e endocardite com 23 casos (2,7%). Já em ovinos hemoncose com 28 casos (21,4%) e suínos doença de Glässer com 27 casos (7,3%) e circovirose com 22 casos (6,0%)

Sumário, Lista de Tabelas, Quadros, Figuras e Gráficos

Sumário, Lista de Tabelas, Quadros, Figuras e Gráfico

Typhlocolitis by Edwardsiella tarda in a Cow

Background: Edwardsiella tarda has been report as etiology of gastroenteritis in both human and veterinary medicine, usually associated with exposure to aquatic environments in immunocompromised individuals. The present report describes a case of typhlocolitis in a cow in the west region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Case: After clinically evaluation of animal and proceeding euthanasia and realized the necropsy. Tissue samples were collected, and routinely processed for histological examination. Histopathological lesions were described as mild, moderate and severe. Tissue and swabs samples of small and large intestine were sent to standard microbiological culture processing. At necropsy, cattle presented severe dehydration and emaciation. Eye and vaginal mucosa were severely congested. The opening of the abdominal cavity revealed a great amount of greenish fluid and a large amount of fecal material, associated with diffuse severe peritonitis, evidenced by hyperemia and severe deposition of fibrin in the visceral and parietal peritoneal surface. In the serosa of the cecum, there were two points of rupture, observed in the proximal colon. The mucosa of cecum and colon were severely edematous, hyperemic, and presented diffusely distributed pinpoint round hemorrhages, as well as fibrinonecrotic material adhered to the surface. Histologically, in the mucosa of cecum and colon, moderate to severe diffuse inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells associated with multifocal severe necrosis were observed. Moderate diffuse fibrin deposition was evidenced in the submucosa and muscular, as well as multifocal moderate necrosis in the muscular layer. In the serous, severe diffuse inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils associated with fibrin deposition and innumerous coccoid bacterial colonies were observed. The samples subjected to bacterial isolation showed growth of Edwardsiella tarda. All samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp.Discussion: The final diagnosis was established through the association of clinical history, clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions, as well as, bacterial isolation of the etiological agent, Edwardsiella tarda. In this case, it is conjectured that the reservoirs which cattle had access represented the source of infection. The fact that the animal was in the immediate postpartum period may have predisposed to the development of clinical disease due to immunosuppression. In domestic animals, Edwardsiella tarda has been reported in swine, and as a cause of septicemia in calves. Clinically, intestinal manifestations observed in edwardsiellosis in cattle are indistinguishable from several other conditions that cause diarrhea, such as infectious, nutritional or parasitic diseases. The main differential diagnoses are salmonellosis and yersiniosis due to the similarities regarding to gross and histopathological lesions in these cases compared to cases of edwardsiellosis. Salmonellosis is characterized by grey to yellowish, fetid diarrhea in which blood and mucus are oftentimes observed. At necropsy, catarrhal, hemorrhagic or fibrinous enteritis may be evidenced. The lesions initially are seen in the ileum. However, in the chronic stages of infection, foci of necrosis and ulceration may be noted mainly in the cecum and colon. Histologically, a fibrin layer associated with necrosis and mucosal ulceration can be observed in the small intestine and initial portion of large intestine. Inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly by neutrophils, as well as fibrin thrombi in capillaries and venules are also observed. Lesions observed are similar that described in ulcerative colitis by E. tarda in human patients. In conclusion, Edwardsiella tarda can lead to a fatal typhlocolitis in cattle, being an important differential diagnosis in cases of acute diarrhea.Arya A.V., Rostom A., Dong W.F. & Flynn A.N. 2011. Crohn’s Disease Exacerbation Induced by Edwardsiella tarda Gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. 5(3): 623-627.Engel J.J. & Martin T.L. 2006. Edwardsiella tarda as a cause of postdysenteric ulcerative colitis. International Journal Colarectal Disease. 21(2): 184-185.Ewing W.H., McWhorter A.C., Escobar M.R. & Lubin A.H. 1965. Edwardsiella, a new genus of enterobacteriaceae based on a new species, E. tarda. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 15(1): 33-38.Gelberg H.B. 2013.Sistema Alimentar, Peritônio, Omento Mesentério e Cavidade Peritonial. In: McGavin M.D. & Zachary F.M. (Eds). Bases da patologia em veterinária. 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, pp.378-382.Janda J.M. & Abbott S.L. 1993.Infections Associated with the Genus Edwardsiella: the role of Edwardsiella tarda in human disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 17(4): 742-748.Leung K.Y., Siame B.A., Tenkink B.J., Noort R.J. & Mok Y.K. 2012. Edwardsiella tarda – Virulence mechanisms of an emerging gastroenteritis pathogen. Microbes and Infection. 14(1): 26-34. Litton K.M. & Rogers B.A. 2016.  Edwardsiella tarda Endocarditis Confirmed by Indium-111 White Blood Cell Scan: An Unusual Pathogen and Diagnostic Modality. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2016:1-3.  Magalhães H., Freitas M.A., Santos J.A. & Costa C.H.C. 1984. Septicemia por Edwardsiella tarda, em bezerro. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 19(3): 367-370.Hirai Y., Ashata-Tago S., Ainoda Y., Fujita T. & Kikuchi K. 2015.Edwardsiella tarda bacteremia. A rare but fatal water – and foodborne infection: Review of the literature and clinical cases from a single centre. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology. 26(6): 313-318. Mikamo H., Ninomiya M., Sawamura H. & Tamaya T. 2003. Puerperal intrauterine infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 9(4): 341-343.Mohanti B.R. & Sahoo P.K. 2007. Edwardsiellosis in fish: a brief review. Journal of biosciences. 32(7): 1331-1344. Owens D.R., Nelson S.L. & Addinon J.B. 1974. Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from Swine. Appllied microbiology. 27(4): 703-705.Park S.B., Aokil T. & Jung T.S. 2012. Pathogenesis of and strategies for preventing Edwardsiella tarda infection in fish. Veterinary Research. 43(1): 67.Riet-Correa F., Schild A.L., Méndez M.D.C. & Lemos R.A.A. 2007.Doenças de Ruminantes e Equídeos. 3.ed. Santa Maria: Pallotti, 998p. Slaven E.M., Lopez F.A., Hart S.M. & Sanders C.V. 2001. Myonecrosis Caused by Edwardsiella tarda: A Case Report and Case Series of Extraintestinal E. tarda Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32(10): 1430-1433.Tamada T., Koganemaru H., Mastsumoto K. & Hitomi S. 2009.Urosepsis caused by Edwardsiella tarda Journal of infection and chemotherapy. 15(3): 191-194.Thune R.L., Stanley L.A. & Cooper R.K. 1993. Pathogenesis of gram-negative bacterial infections in warm water fish. Annual Reviem of Fish Diseases. 3: 37-68.Uzal F.A., Plattiner B.L. & Hostetter J.M. 2015. Alimentary system. In: Maxie M.G. (Ed). Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s Pathology of domestic animals.v.2. 6th edn. Saint Louis: Elsevier, pp.167-177. Wang I.K., Kuo H.L., Chen Y.M., Lin C.L., Chang H.Y., Chuang F.R. & Lee M.H. 2005. Extraintestinal manifestations of Edwardsiella tarda infection. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 59(8): 917-921.

Doenças diagnosticadas pelo Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária em 2018

This work presents the case series of diagnoses in farm animals in the year 2018 of the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology at IFC Campus Concórdia. There were 185 diagnoses in cattle, 18 in sheep and 40 in pigs, totaling 243. Of these, 191 (81.9%) were through necropsies and 44 (18.1%) through biopsies samples sent by veterinarians. In cattle, the most frequent diseases were clostridial myositis with 9 cases (5.0%); poisoning by Prunus (sphaerocarpa) myrtifolia with 9 cases (5.0%); nitrate/nitrite poisoning with 7 cases (3.9%); and squamous cell carcinoma with 7 cases (3.9%). In sheep, it was haemonchosis with 7 cases (38.9%) and in swine, circovirus with 6 cases (15.0%).Este artículo describe la serie de casos de diagnósticos en animales de granja del año 2018 del Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria del IFC Campus Concórdia. Hubo 185 diagnósticos en bovinos, 18 en ovinos y 40 en porcinos, totalizando 243. De estos, 191 (81,9%) fueron por necropsias y 44 (18,1%) por muestras de biopsias enviadas por veterinarios. En bovinos, las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la miositis por clostridios con 9 casos (5,0%); intoxicación por Prunus (sphaerocarpa) myrtifolia con 9 casos (5,0%); intoxicación por nitratos/nitritos con 7 casos (3,9%); y carcinoma de células escamosas con 7 casos (3,9%). En ovinos fue la hemoncosis con 7 casos (38,9%) y en porcinos el circovirus con 6 casos (15,0%).              Este trabalho apresenta a casuística de diagnósticos no ano de 2018 do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do IFC Campus Concórdia. Foram 185 diagnósticos em bovinos, 18 em ovinos e 40 em suínos, totalizando 243. Destes, 191 (81,9%) foram através de necropsias e 44 (18,1%) através de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinários. Em bovinos as doenças mais incidentes foram miosite clostridial com 9 casos (5,0%); intoxicação por Prunus (sphaerocarpa) myrtifolia com 9 casos (5,0%); intoxicação por nitrato/nitrito com 7 casos (3,9%); e carcinoma de células escamosas com 7 casos (3,9%). Já em ovinos, foi hemoncose com 7 casos (38,9%) e, em suínos, a circovirose com 6 casos (15,0%)

Doenças diagnosticadas pelo Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária em 2019

This work presents the series of diagnoses in farm animals in 2019 from the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology at IFC Campus Concordia. There were 267 diagnoses in cattle, 29 in sheep and 40 in pigs, totaling 336. Of these, 293 (87.2%) were through necropsies and 43 (12.8%) through formalin samples sent by veterinarians. In cattle, the most incident diseases were poisoning by nitrate/nitrite with 13 cases (4.9%); hardware disease with 12 cases (4.5%); polioencephalomalacia with 11 cases (4.1%); and babesiosis with 9 cases (3.4%). In sheep it was haemonchosis with 6 cases (20.8%) and in pigs colibacillosis with 10 cases (25.0%).Este artículo presenta la serie de diagnósticos en animales de granja en 2019 del Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria del IFC Campus Concordia. Hubo 267 diagnósticos en bovinos, 29 en ovinos y 40 en porcinos, totalizando 336. De estos, 293 (87,2%) fueron por necropsias y 43 (12,8%) por muestras fijadas en formalina enviadas por veterinarios. En bovinos, las enfermedades más incidentes fueron la intoxicación por nitratos/nitritos con 13 casos (4,9%); retículo pericarditis traumática con 12 casos (4,5%); polioencefalomalacia con 11 casos (4,1%); y babesiosis con 9 casos (3,4%). En ovinos fue la hemoncosis con 6 casos (20,8%) y en porcinos la colibacilosis con 10 casos (25,0%).Este trabalho apresenta a casuística de diagnósticos em animais de produção no ano de 2019 do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do IFC Campus Concórdia. Foram 267 diagnósticos em bovinos, 29 em ovinos e 40 em suínos, totalizando 336. Destes, 293 (87,2%) foram através de necropsias e 43 (12,8%) através de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinários. Em bovinos as doenças mais incidentes foram intoxicação por nitrato/nitrito com 13 casos (4,9%); retículo pericardite traumática com 12 casos (4,5%); polioencefalomalácia com 11 casos (4,1%); e babesiose com 9 casos (3,4%). Já em ovinos, foi hemoncose com 6 casos (20,8%) e, em suínos, a colibacilose com 10 casos (25,0%)