On the origin of beliefs about the sexual orientation and gender-role development of children raised by gay-male and heterosexual parents: an italian study

In three studies, heterosexual participants were presented with descriptions of heterosexual and gay-male parents. Importantly, the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male parents was experimentally manipulated, resulting in their level of gender-role conformity ranging from high to low. Compared to the son of a heterosexual couple, the son of all gay-male couples had a lower expected likelihood of developing as heterosexual. This result was independent of the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male couples (study 1–3). The beliefs about the gender-role development of the son, in terms of anticipated masculinity (study 1), gender stereotyping (study 2), and affective adjustment (study 3), mapped onto the level of gender-role conformity of the parents, regardless of their sexual orientation. Also, heterosexual parents were consistently judged more positively than gay-male parents, independently of their level of gender-role conformity (study 1–3). Results were discussed within the theoretical framework of stereotypes about gay-male parenting.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Individual and contextual factors associated with school staff responses to homophobic bullying

This cross-sectional research investigates the individual (i.e., sexual prejudice, contact with lesbian and gay [LG] people, and perceived seriousness of homophobic epithets) and contextual (i.e., homophobic bullying observed by school staff and perceived colleague reactions to homophobic bullying) factors as predictors of school staff intervention against vs. legitimization of homophobic bullying. Data were collected in secondary schools in the North of Italy via a paper-and-pencil survey. Participants were school staff members (N = 273) from 24 Italian secondary schools. The results have indicated that the higher the sexual prejudice and the lower the contact with LG individuals, the higher the legitimization of homophobic bullying. Also, perceiving colleagues as legitimizing or intervening in cases of homophobic bullying predicted similar reactions on the part of school staff participants. The findings are discussed with respect to the current literature regarding homophobic bullying, and applied interventions for school staff training programs to tackle homophobic bullying at school are put forward.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Cyberbullying through the lens of social influence: Predicting cyberbullying perpetration from perceived peer-norm, cyberspace regulations and ingroup processes

In the present research we analyzed the social influence mechanisms that back the relation between peer group norms regarding cyberbullying behaviors and individual cyberbullying perpetration. In a sample of adolescents (N = 3511, age: M = 16.27, SD = 1.58), we showed that the relation between perceived peer-norm and cyberbullying perpetration was moderated by two distinct social influence mechanisms. Specifically, when individuals' lack of knowledge regarding appropriate behaviors in cyberspace (i.e., cyberspace regulations), levels of perceived peer-norm regarding cyberbullying behaviors positively influence the participants' engagement in cyberbullying perpetration (i.e., informational social influence). Moreover, we showed that the higher the support of perceived peer-norm regarding cyberbullying behaviors the higher the levels of cyberbullying perpetration, especially for the higher (vs. lower) levels of identification with peers as the ingroup; this relation was additionally enhanced at increasing levels of adolescents' ingroup prototypicality (i.e., referential informative social influence). The results demonstrated that the two social influence mechanisms work independently and likely contribute to predict participants\u2019 engagement in cyberbullying perpetration. Results are discussed with respect to the current literature regarding the social influence mechanisms underlying cyberbullying. The implications of these findings for practical interventions are explored

A Cognitive Look at the "Invisibility" of Older Gay Men Within the Categories 'Gay Man' and 'Elderly Man'

Two studies analyzed whether, at the cognitive level, 'Elderly gay man' is "invisible" both when processing the labels 'Gay man' and 'Elderly man'. We suggest that 'Gay man' is conflated with 'Young man', and that 'Elderly man' is conflated with 'Heterosexual man'. Contact with elderly gay men did not alter the perception of 'Gay man' as prevalently young but weakened the perception of 'Elderly man' as heterosexual by default

Biological control of pestiferous slugs using Tetanocera elata (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae): Larval behavior and feeding on slugs exposed to Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider, 1859)

While the larval stage of Tetanocera elata (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) is a known parasitoid and predator of pestiferous slugs, its biology and predatory behavior as well as its interaction with slug parasitic nematodes requires further investigation. In this study, survival of larvae fed from the neonate stage on Deroceras reticulatum Müller (a previously known prey species) was significantly greater (P = 0.023) than for larvae fed on Deroceras invadens Reise with 100% and 40% survival respectively. However, when fed solely on D. reticulatum which were previously exposed to P. hermaphrodita, only 20% of neonate larvae pupariated successfully. Ninety percent of neonate larvae maintained without food for the first four days and subsequently fed on D. reticulatum pupariated successfully although this decreased to below 50% for ≥6 days without food. Predatory third instar T. elata larvae appeared to select nematode-exposed D. reticulatum over non-exposed slugs with the continued feeding on nematode-exposed slugs also reducing the chances of successful pupariation by 25%. Records of maximum egg-laying by laboratory-reared female adults were greater (487 eggs) than previously recorded for field-caught adults (3 7 3). The implications of these results for the potential use of T. elata as a biological control agent of pestiferous slugs are discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Inc

Multimodal synergisms in host stimuli drive landing response in malaria mosquitoes

Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria, which affects one-fifth of the world population. A comprehensive understanding of mosquito behaviour is essential for the development of novel tools for vector control and surveillance. Despite abundant research on mosquito behaviour, little is known on the stimuli that drive malaria vectors during the landing phase of host-seeking. Using behavioural assays with a multimodal step approach we quantified both the individual and the combined effect of three host-associated stimuli in eliciting landing in Anopheles coluzzii females. We demonstrated that visual, olfactory and thermal sensory stimuli interact synergistically to increase the landing response. Furthermore, if considering only the fnal outcome (i.e. landing response), our insect model can bypass the absence of either a thermal or a visual stimulus, provided that at least one of these is presented simultaneously with the olfactory stimuli, suggesting that landing is the result of a flexible but accurate stimuli integration. These results have important implications for the development of mosquito control and surveillance tools

Perioperative chemotherapy in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasia of the bladder: A multicenter analysis

There is scant evidence about optimal management of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder (BNEC). We performed a multicenter retrospective study on BNEC patients from 13 Italian neuroendocrine-dedicated centers to analyze strategies associated with better outcomes. Mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinomas (MANEC) were included. We analyzed overall survival (OS) in the overall cohort, relapse-free survival (RFS) in radically operated patients and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients who received chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Fifty-one BNEC patients were included (male: 46, median age: 70 years). Overall, median OS was 16.0 months, radical tumor resection was performed in 37 patients (72.5%) and 11 of these (29.7%) also received peri-operative platinum-etoposide chemotherapy. Median OS was longer in patients with better performance status (PS) and in those with stage I–III disease at diagnosis compared to stage IV. Among patients who underwent radical tumor resection (N = 37), RFS was longer in patients with better PS and showed a trend towards a longer RFS in those treated with peri-operative chemotherapy than with surgery alone (11 vs. 6 months; p = 0.078). Among 28 patients receiving chemotherapy for metastatic disease, PFS was 5.0 months and there was a trend towards improved PFS in patients receiving carboplatin-etoposide chemotherapy compared to other regimens. A multivariate model unmasked a significant association between carboplatin-etoposide chemotherapy and risk for disease progression or death (HR: 0.39 (95%CI: 0.16–0.96) p = 0.040). Performance status might be associated with improved RFS in radically operated patients, while type of chemotherapy might affect PFS in patients receiving chemotherapy for metastatic BNEC

Nematode associates and susceptibility of a protected slug (Geomalacus maculosus) to four biocontrol nematodes

The impact of selected entomopathogenic nematodes and Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita on the European-Union-protected slug Geomalacus maculosus and the sympatric Lehmannia marginata was investigated. There was no significant difference in mortality between slugs treated with nematodes and their controls. The presence of P. hermaphrodita in two G. maculosus cadavers may be the result of necromenic behaviour. This study constitutes the first record of P. californica in Europe