Application of novel technologies to reach net‐zero greenhouse gas emissions in the fresh pasteurised milk supply chain: A review

This review assesses the potential of three novel technologies (3-nitrooxypropanol, ultraviolet C light cold pasteurisation and biochar) to reduce the carbon footprint produced by the fresh milk supply chain at global level. In addition to the adoption of these technologies: (i) new policies should enhance the development and implementation of international standards to optimise the quality and safety of such technologies whilst facilitating their traceability; (ii) dairy firms and technology start-ups should benefit from worldwide emissions trading systems to limit technology implementation costs; and (iii) consumers could participate in the net-zero challenge by adopting easy-to-apply sustainable practices, thus reducing their milk carbon footprint

Acidithiobacillus ferrianus sp. nov.:an ancestral extremely acidophilic and facultatively anaerobic chemolithoautotroph

Strain MG, isolated from an acidic pond sediment on the island of Milos (Greece), is proposed as a novel species of ferrous iron- and sulfur-oxidizing Acidithiobacillus. Currently, four of the eight validated species of this genus oxidize ferrous iron, and strain MG shares many key characteristics with these four, including the capacities for catalyzing the oxidative dissolution of pyrite and for anaerobic growth via ferric iron respiration. Strain MG also grows aerobically on hydrogen and anaerobically on hydrogen coupled to ferric iron reduction. While the 16S rRNA genes of the iron-oxidizing Acidithiobacillus species (and strain MG) are located in a distinct phylogenetic clade and are closely related (98–99% 16S rRNA gene identity), genomic relatedness indexes (ANI/dDDH) revealed strong genomic divergence between strain MG and all sequenced type strains of the taxon, and placed MG as the first cultured representative of an ancestral phylotype of iron oxidizing acidithiobacilli. Strain MG is proposed as a novel species, Acidithiobacillus ferrianus sp. nov. The type strain is MGT(= DSM 107098T= JCM 33084T).Similar strains have been found as isolates or indicated by cloned 16S rRNA genes from several mineral sulfide mine sites.Indexación: Scopu

Biomarkers of postharvest resilience: unveiling the role of abscisic acid in table grapes during cold storage

Table grapes are considered non-climacteric fruit, not showing a rapid increase in respiration rate and ethylene production during ripening. Previous research has suggested that abscisic acid (ABA) may have a more crucial role in grape postharvest behaviour. This study aimed to identify biomarkers of postharvest resilience and flavour life of imported table grapes. An experiment was designed to determine i) the role of ABA and catabolites on grape berry senescence; ii) the spatial distribution of these hormones within the grape berry, and iii) the effect of 1-MCP and storage temperature on its postharvest quality. Hence, the use of an ethylene inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropane (1-MCP), during table grape storage was investigated. Table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. ‘Krissy’ were subjected to i) control (untreated); and ii) 1-MCP (1 µL L-1; 12 hours; 15°C) and stored under two scenarios: i) 15 days at 0.5°C, followed by five days at 5.5°C to simulate shelf-life; and ii) 20 days at 5.5°C to simulate a higher storage temperature followed by shelf-life. Physiological (i.e. mould incidence, skin colour, firmness, respiration rate) and biochemical analysis (i.e. individual sugars, organic acids, abscisic acid and catabolites) were performed. Grapes subjected to 5.5°C showed significantly higher mould incidence at the end of the shelf-life compared to 0.5°C storage temperature (12.6% vs. 3.1%). Also, and for the first time, the spatial distribution of ABA during the senescence of table grapes was profiled; the distal section had three times more ABA and metabolites than the proximal. We demonstrated that senescence processes were initiated after a significant increase in respiration rate (from 1 to 2.8 mL CO2 kg-1 h-1), and that ABA could be considered a biomarker for table grapes senescence, since an ABA peak preceded the increase in respiration rate, mould incidence, organic acids, and sucrose hydrolysis during postharvest storage; and coincided with a decrease in berry firmness. These findings are of significant importance for the industry as understanding how ABA regulates both senescence processes and quality changes during postharvest cold storage of tables grapes can improve the consistency and reduce waste and consumer complaints

The role of ethylene and 1-MCP in early-season sweet cherry ‘Burlat’ storage life

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are highly appreciated because of their bioactive compound content and attractive organoleptic characteristics; however, they are very perishable. The aim of this work was to investigate whether ethylene and its antagonist 1-MCP affect the postharvest quality of an early-season sweet cherry cultivar, allowing storage life extension. ‘Burlat’ sweet cherries were subjected to three treatments at 1 °C for one month: i) control (air); ii) continuous ethylene supplementation (10 μL L−1); and iii) 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP; 1 μL L−1 for 24 h) followed by air. The incidence of postharvest physiological disorders, the evolution of physical and functional quality traits, and fruit senescence were evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days. Results showed that sweet cherries were sensitive to both ethylene and 1-MCP treatments. Continuous ethylene exposure reduced abscisic acid accumulation, resulting in higher weight and firmness loss. Moreover, ethylene application decreased titratable acidity through storage, indicating an effect on sweet cherry senescence. No significant differences among treatments were found for soluble solids content and individual sugars. Conversely, 1-MCP preserved firmness during the first 7 days of storage, while reduced the incidence of physiological disorders at the end of storage life. Furthermore, 1-MCP delayed the accumulation of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside for 7 days compared to control and ethylene treated cherries. Taken together these results highlight the potential use of 1-MCP to extend the postharevst life of early season sweet cherry fruit

Non-destructive methods for mango ripening prediction: Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (visNIRS) and laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV)

With up to 19% of mango fruit being lost during ripening, the need for non-destructive technologies to predict internal physiochemical traits is paramount. This study compared two non-destructive technologies, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (visNIRS) and laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), for predicting the ripeness of mango fruit in two cultivars, ‘Kent’ and ‘Keitt’. An internal quality index (IQI) in ‘Kent’ was predicted using visNIRS (RP2 = 0.729, RMSEP = 0.532) using partial least squares regression, which gave a single measure for ripeness incorporating firmness, sweetness, and pulp colour. This model was improved by using the sum of the individual sugar contents (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) over the conventional total soluble solids (TSS) measure. LDV provided poor predictions of firmness (R2 < 0.5) in both ‘Kent’ and ‘Keitt’ using least squares regression line. The resonant frequency, as measured by LDV, decreased linearly with time, while firmness quantified destructively (quasi-static) showed an exponential decrease, suggesting the vibrational and destructive firmness measure distinct characteristics, which would contribute to poor model performance. These results showed that LDV is not suitable for assessing mango ripening. While visNIRS models have been successful at predicting quality traits, our results suggested that using individual sugar content in place of TSS can improve the prediction of ripening. This understanding of the strengths and limitations of both visNIRS and LDV, and how they relate to destructive quality measurements, can be used to improve postharvest management practices whilst reducing commercial losses in the mango industry

La mujer en el derecho penal castellano del Antiguo Régimen

El objeto de la memoria es el conocimiento y estudio de la situación jurídico-penal de la mujer en la Castilla de la Edad Moderna. Dividida en cinco capítulos se expone en el primero de ellos su situación familiar y social durante este periodo, así como una consideración general sobre los delitos de la mujer, las penas y sus fines en la época estudiada, para terminar con los avances conseguidos en el campo penitenciario respecto a ella. Los capítulos siguientes son de carácter específico: el segundo comprende los delitos contra la familia, adulterio, amancebamiento y bigamia. En el tercero se trata de los delitos contra la vida y la integridad física, aborto, infanticidio y exposición de niños. El cuarto aborda el estudio de los delitos sexuales, prostitución alcahuetería y delitos de fuerza: violación y rapto. Por último, el quinto comprende aquellas acciones delictivas que merecen un estudio aparte, bien por su especial tipología, o bien por que se podrían incluir en más de una de las clasificaciones anteriormente hechas. La principal base del estudio ha sido las fuentes legales, doctrinales y documentales, completadas por una variada bibliografía. En el caso de las documentales se hace notar que en la mayoría de los supuestos son inéditas y localizadas por la autora. Muchas de ellas se incluyen en el apartado de apéndices

Adaptation of Coccomyxa sp. to Extremely Low Light Conditions Causes Deep Chlorophyll and Oxygen Maxima in Acidic Pit Lakes

Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM) and metalimnetic oxygen maxima (MOM) are outstanding biogeochemical features of acidic pit lakes (APL). However, knowledge of the eukaryotic phototrophs responsible for their formation is limited. We aimed at linking the dynamics of phototrophic communities inhabiting meromictic APL in Spain with the formation of these characteristic layers. Firstly, the dynamics of DCM and MOM and their relation to physico-chemical parameters (photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), pH, dissolved ferric iron concentration, temperature), pigments and nutrient distribution is described; secondly, the phototrophic community composition is studied through a combination of microscopy, biomolecular and &ldquo;omics&rdquo; tools. Phototrophic communities of the studied APL show a low diversity dominated by green microalgae, specifically Coccomyxa sp., which have been successfully adapted to the chemically harsh conditions. DCM and MOM are usually non-coincident. DCM correspond to layers where phototrophs have higher chlorophyll content per cell to cope with extremely low PAR (&lt;1 &micro;mol m&minus;2 s&minus;1), but where photosynthetic oxygen production is limited. MOM correspond to shallower waters with more light, higher phytoplankton biomass and intense photosynthetic activity, which affects both oxygen concentration and water temperature. The main drivers of DCM formation in these APL are likely the need for nutrient uptake and photo-acclimation

Biologically-induced precipitation of aluminium in synthetic acid mine water

Parte del número especial "Biohydrometallurgy"Concentrations of aluminium in acidic waste waters are frequently much higher than in circum-neutral pH water bodies, and can represent a significant environmental hazard. In very low pH (<2.0) aqueous solutions, aluminium is present as a free cation Al3+, whereas it forms complexes with hydroxyl ions in moderately acidic and circum-neutral pH waters. Acidic waters associated with metal mining are usually enriched with sulfate, which complexes with aluminium to form hydroxysulfates as felsöbányaite (also known as basaluminite) or hydrobasaluminite. An anaerobic bench-scale reactor, populated with a mixed community of acid-tolerant sulfate-reducing and other bacteria and maintained at pH 5.0, was fed with synthetic acid (pH 2.5/3.0) mine water containing varying concentrations of aluminium. The sulfate-reducing bacteria utilized protons released during the formation of solid-phase hydroxysulfate minerals from soluble aluminium, as well as those present in the acidic feed liquor, to reduce sulfate, coupling this to the oxidation of glycerol. The aluminium hydroxysulfates that formed into the bioreactor were identified as hydrobasaluminite and felsöbányaite. The planktonic microbial community in the bioreactor was dominated by the acid-tolerant sulfidogen Desulfosporosinus acididurans, together two species of facultatively anaerobic acidophiles (Acidocella aromatica and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) that do not reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. This study confirmed the hypothesis that sulfate-reducing bacteria can mediate the precipitation of aluminium in acidic mine waters as hydroxysulfate minerals, and provided evidence in support of this process being responsible for this as a natural attenuation process in environments such as pit lakes in the Iberian Pyrite Belt and elsewhere.College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Reino UnidoDepartamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad del País Vasco, EspañaInstituto Geológico y Minero de España, Españ