Mother-child interaction within the Zone of Proximal Development. Impact of adult educational level and socio-affective proximity on the effectiveness of tutoring.

Abstract de póster presentado a VI International Conference “Early Childhood Care and Education”, Lomonosov Moscow State University –MSU (Moscow, Russia), Mayo 2017.Research problem. Adult-child interaction within the zone of proximal development plays a central role in child cognitive development. The effectiveness of teaching to promote learner competence during a joint problem solving session depends on the accuracy of the zone of proximal development perceived in the mind of the tutor. Therefore, it is related to such variables as the tutor’s educational level (formal education promotes more abstract and flexible mental representations of the cognitive demands of the task) and the socio-affective proximity between interlocutors (shared experiences enable the tutor to determine the zone of sensitivity to instruction and to form a more accurate hypothesis of the child’s level of competence and their need for assistance). Aims and methods. This study aims to estimate the effects of adult educational levels and socio-affective proximity between interlocutors on the effectiveness of informal tutoring. The participants comprised 66 boys and girls aged 3-5 years and 66 women with different educational levels and varying degrees of socio-affective proximity with the child with whom they interacted (mothers who lived with their children, mothers who visited their children at residential care centers, and women previously unknown to the children). Dyadic interaction in a classification task was assessed with microgenetic analysis using a codification system following sociogenetic principles. Results. Educational level does not predict tutoring effectiveness; socio-affective proximity does. Mothers with low educational levels are effective tutors when they maintain a high degree of socio-affective proximity with their children. The principal keys to effective tutoring associated with socio-affective proximity are: a) encouraging the autonomy of the child: avoiding both initial aid when placing each new piece and highest level aid which solves completely the operation; and b) adjusting the assistance provided according to the competence demonstrated by the child: following the contingency rule (especially in the provision of proactive aids), and temporarily tolerating errors, providing the opportunity for the child to become aware of their own mistakes. Conclusion and findings. These findings are noteworthy to design future social intervention programs focused to instruct parents with low educational level on the importance of frequent and appropriate interactions with their children.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Comparación de tecnologías de almacenamiento energético provenientes de energías renovables

Después de analizar la situación energética actual y las distintas formas de almacenar la energía, sobre todo la proveniente de energías renovables, añadido a las preocupaciones sobre el cambio climático global, la degradación medioambiental resultante del uso de los combustibles fósiles como fuente primaria de energía, junto con las inquietudes sobre la seguridad en el suministro energético, han llevado a muchos analistas a proponer al hidrógeno como portador universal de energía para el futuro. El uso del hidrógeno como vector energético permite el desarrollo de un amplio número de tecnologías. En concreto, las pilas de combustible alimentadas con hidrógeno pueden alcanzar eficiencias elevadas y presentan una gran variedad de posibles aplicaciones, tanto móviles como estacionarias. En el caso de que las líneas de desarrollo actuales lleguen a buen término, el hidrógeno y las pilas de combustible podrán contribuir de forma sustancial a alcanzar los objetivos clave de las políticas energéticas (seguridad de suministro, reducción de emisiones de CO2), especialmente en el sector transporte. Los resultados alcanzados en los últimos años en los programas de investigación, desarrollo y demostración han incrementado claramente el interés internacional sobre estas tecnologías, de las que se piensa que tienen el potencial de crear un cambio de paradigma energético, tanto en las aplicaciones de transporte como en las de generación distribuida de potencia. A largo plazo, la incorporación del hidrógeno como nuevo vector energético, ofrece un escenario en el que se podrá producir hidrógeno a partir de agua, con electricidad y calor de origen renovable, y será posible su utilización para atender a todo tipo de demandas, tanto las convencionales de la industria, en las que el hidrógeno juega un papel de reactivo en procesos diversos, como las energéticas en las que jugaría su nuevo papel de portador de energía. Las únicas emisiones que llevaría asociada la utilización del hidrógeno renovable serían óxidos de nitrógeno que se producirían en procesos de combustión. Sin embargo, su uso en pilas de combustible llevaría a emisiones nulas. Si la fuente del hidrógeno es el gas natural o el carbón, entonces será esencial la captura y almacenamiento del CO2 para lograr ahorros en emisiones, pero, en cualquier caso, los vehículos propulsados por pilas de combustible alimentadas con hidrógeno siempre reducirán las emisiones locales, dado que en el uso final el único efluente es vapor de agua. La visión de este sistema económico-energético del H2, se basa en la expectativa de que el hidrógeno pueda producirse a partir de recursos domésticos, de forma económica y medioambientalmente aceptable y en que las tecnologías de uso final del hidrógeno (pilas de combustible) ganen una cuota de mercado significativa. Los que en el mundo abogan por el hidrógeno indican que, si se alcanzan estas expectativas, una «economía del hidrógeno» beneficiará al mundo proporcionando una mayor seguridad energética porque se diversificarán las fuentes de energía, y una mayor calidad medioambiental porque se reducirán significativamente las emisiones locales y globale

Unitized regenerative polymeric fuel cell modeling

The research's objective is to have a single machine to function as fuel cell and electrolyser based and needs, that is to say, unitized regenerative fuel cell (when fed to the machine with electric power and water flows will be obtained and H2 and O2 and conversely when the machine is fuelled with H2 and O2 will get water, heat and electricity) The study focuses on polymeric fuel cells and polymeric electrolysers. The development of this machine will make a very significant cost reduction (currently to use hydrogen as an energy store needed the electrolyser and fuel cell) as a single machine may replace the fuel cell and electrolyser. The achievement of the objective mentioned above, have been going by completing a series of stages. The stages addressed in this work are: ¿ A first stage, which will be studied in detail the polymeric fuel cells and polymeric electrolysers, in order to see the similarities between the machines and to design the unitized regenerative fuel cell. ¿ A second stage of simulation, which will develop models to show the behaviour of the unitized regenerative fuel cell and compare results with those obtained from the theoretical. ¿ A third stage of model verification generated polymer fuel cells and electrolyzers polymer on the market

Comparisons between oxy-fuel combustion and IGCC technologies in China coal- energy industry

A comparison between oxy-fuel combustion plants and IGCC plants has been carried out. Oxy-fuel combustion performs better for the retrofit of exist pulverized coal plants after the evaluation of efficiency, retrofit cost and O&M cost. China is currently and will depending on coal for its energy for a long time. Plenty of PC plants are used in existing power plants due to its lower coal consumption. One way to reduce CO2 emission with CCS is to equip existing power plants with appliances for capturing CO2 without modifying substantially the material and the process of generation. This situation is totally different with United States and European countries. IGCC is a promising technology which has been developed for decades in those developed countries. However, in China, the technology is not as mature as developed countries. China needs to find a CO2 capture technology which is fixed for China’s situation. After the comparisons it is concluded that although IGCC with precombustion is a promising technology in European countries and United States, oxyfuel combustion is more suitable based on China’s situatio

Gasification technology assessment of sterile coal to clean electrical power generation.

Sterile coal is a low-value residue associated to the coal extraction and mining activity. According to the type and origin of the coal bed configuration, sterile coal production can mainly vary on quantity, calorific value and presence of sulphur compounds. In addition, the potential availability of sterile coal within Spain is apparently high and its contribution to the local power generation would be of interest playing a significant role. The proposed study evaluates the availability and deployment of gasification technologies to drive clean electricity generation from waste coal and sterile rock coal, incorporating greenhouse gas emission mitigation systems, like CO2, H2S and NOx removal systems. It establishes the target facility and its conceptual basic design proposal. The syngas obtained after the gasification of sterile coal is processed through specific conditioning units before entering into the combustion chamber of a gas turbine. Flue gas leaving the gas turbine is ducted to a heat recovery steam generation boiler; the steam produced within the boilerdrives a steam turbine. The target facility resembles a singular Integrated Gasification in Combined Cycle (IGCC) power station. The evaluation of the conceptual basic design according to the power output set for a maximum sterile contribution, established that rates over 95% H2S and 90% CO2 removal can be achieved. Noticeable decrease of NOx compounds can be also achieved by the use of commercial technology. A techno-economic approach of the conceptual basic design is made evaluating the integration of potential unitsand their implementation within the target facility aiming toachieve clean power generation. The criterion to be compliant with the most restrictive regulation regarding environmental emissions is setting to carry out this analysis

Economic Feasibility Of Clean Coal Technologies

Reéent developments in the energy sector prove that we are wítnessing a shift in the place of commodities withm global economy. Coal as a source of heat and power has kept and is meant to keep its hegemony in Europe and the USA; this along with recent encouraged fight against global warming and the factual lower yield of coal teclmologies claims for the review of these and the development of lesspollutant processes per uñií of useful energy, so-called Clean Coal Technologies. This document provides an assessment of the technical aspecto of these teclmologies. More specifícally it focuses on the economical evaluation of carbón separation and capture on Integrated Gasiñcatíon Combined Cycles using recent cost estimatcs and power market valúes from a major European power market. According to these calculations, European emissions' allowances price and allocation policy will play a relevant role in the future of these technologies. Under the hypothesis of 0% free allowances, IGCC with carbón capture could prove more economical than a greenfíeld conventíonal pulverized coal starting from slíghtly above 30€/t CO2. Further operational flexibility from new designa is as well discussed. This document provides an assessment of the technical aspects of these technologies. More specifically it focuses on the economical evaluation of carbon separation and capture on Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles using recent cost estimates and power market values from a major European power market. According to these calculations, European emissions¿ allowances price and allocation policy will play a relevant role in the future of these technologies. Under the hypothesis of 0% free allowances, IGCC with carbon capture could prove more economical than a greenfield conventional pulverized coal starting from slightly above 30�/t CO2. Further operational flexibility from new designs is as well discussed

Clean Coal Technologies Scenario and Evaluation of Present CO2 Dwindling Initiatives to Approach Zero Emission Power Stations By Coal Combustion. Deployment Situation and Evaluation Study

In the present uncertain global context of reaching an equal social stability and steady thriving economy, power demand expected to grow and global electricity generation could nearly double from 2005 to 2030. Fossil fuels will remain a significant contribution on this energy mix up to 2050, with an expected part of around 70% of global and ca. 60% of European electricity generation. Coal will remain a key player. Hence, a direct effect on the considered CO2 emissions business-as-usual scenario is expected, forecasting three times the present CO2 concentration values up to 1,200ppm by the end of this century. Kyoto protocol was the first approach to take global responsibility onto CO2 emissions monitoring and cap targets by 2012 with reference to 1990. Some of principal CO2emitters did not ratify the reduction targets. Although USA and China spur are taking its own actions and parallel reduction measures. More efficient combustion processes comprising less fuel consuming, a significant contribution from the electricity generation sector to a CO2 dwindling concentration levels, might not be sufficient. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have started to gain more importance from the beginning of the decade, with research and funds coming out to drive its come in useful. After first researching projects and initial scale testing, three principal capture processes came out available today with first figures showing up to 90% CO2 removal by its standard applications in coal fired power stations. Regarding last part of CO2 reduction chain, two options could be considered worthy, reusing (EOR & EGR) and storage. The study evaluates the state of the CO2 capture technology development, availability and investment cost of the different technologies, with few operation cost analysis possible at the time. Main findings and the abatement potential for coal applications are presented. DOE, NETL, MIT, European universities and research institutions, key technology enterprises and utilities, and key technology suppliers are the main sources of this study. A vision of the technology deployment is presented

Options of CO2 capture in oxyfuel coal combustion technologies

A review of the projects that are developing the oxyfuel coal combustion technology around the world has been undertaken based on their available progress. The evaluation carried out is focused on different projects, such at small and large pilot scale as demonstration projects. All these studies and projects undertaken and in process show that fundamental understanding of the principles and basis of oxycoal combustion with flue gas recirculation have been well established during the past 20 years of R&D activities, but there are still some gaps in knowledge that are trying to be solved. The last objective of all of these projects is to demonstrate the oxyfuel technology in a commercial scale, taking into account another competitive alternatives, such the post-combustion for retroffiting existing power plants or the IGCC option. he conclusion of this study is that the oxyfuel combustion technology is suitable for retrofitting pf boilers and achieves clean coal combustion, lowering NOx, increasing SOx removal, possibly lower mercury emissions and obtaining a CO2 concentration for sequestratio

Comparación de las tecnologías de captura y almacenamiento de CO2 en la generacion de energía.

El dióxido de carbono (CO2) es un gas de efecto invernadero que se encuentra de forma natural en la atmósfera. Las actividades de origen antropogénico, especialmente las derivadas de la generación eléctrica a partir de combustibles fósiles, están provocando que su concentración en la atmósfera se incremente significativamente, contribuyendo al cambio climático en el planeta. Dentro del abanico de posibles soluciones propuestas para reducir las emisiones de CO2, se encuentran las tecnologías de captura y almacenamiento de CO2 (CAC), siendo su principal aplicación en las fuentes estacionarias de emisión, ya sea en centrales térmicas de generación eléctrica u otras industrias. Mediante el desarrollo, operación y despliegue de estas tecnologías, está previsto que se reduzcan las emisiones de CO2 en un 20 por 100 por el año 2050, según datos de la Agencia Internacional de la Energía. De la valoración comparativa de las diferentes opciones de las tecnologías CAC se puede concluir que su desarrollo, de tal modo que den el salto a instalaciones de potencia, juntamente con otras medidas destinadas a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, debería ser puesto ya en marcha a escala comercial para mitigarlos ya visibles efectos del cambio climático