Alternative Oxidase (AOX) Senses Stress Levels to Coordinate Auxin-Induced Reprogramming From Seed Germination to Somatic Embryogenesis—A Role Relevant for Seed Vigor Prediction and Plant Robustness

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the most striking and prominent example of plant plasticity upon severe stress. Inducing immature carrot seeds perform SE as substitute to germination by auxin treatment can be seen as switch between stress levels associated to morphophysiological plasticity. This experimental system is highly powerful to explore stress response factors that mediate the metabolic switch between cell and tissue identities. Developmental plasticity per se is an emerging trait for in vitro systems and crop improvement. It is supposed to underlie multi-stress tolerance. High plasticity can protect plants throughout life cycles against variable abiotic and biotic conditions. We provide proof of concepts for the existing hypothesis that alternative oxidase (AOX) can be relevant for developmental plasticity and be associated to yield stability. Our perspective on AOX as relevant coordinator of cell reprogramming is supported by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses and gross metabolism data from calorespirometry complemented by SHAM-inhibitor studies on primed, elevated partial pressure of oxygen (EPPO)–stressed, and endophyte-treated seeds. In silico studies on public experimental data from diverse species strengthen generality of our insights. Finally, we highlight ready-to-use concepts for plant selection and optimizing in vivo and in vitro propagation that do not require further details on molecular physiology and metabolism. This is demonstrated by applying our research & technology concepts to pea genotypes with differential yield performance in multilocation fields and chickpea types known for differential robustness in the field. By using these concepts and tools appropriately, also other marker candidates than AOX and complex genomics data can be efficiently validated for prebreeding and seed vigor prediction.</p

Selection of Reference Genes for Transcription Studies Considering Co-Regulation and Average Transcriptional Stability: Case Study on Adventitious Root Induction in Olive (<i>Olea europaea</i> L.) Microshoots

Selection of reference genes (RGs) for normalization of PCR-gene expression data includes two crucial steps: determination of the between-sample transcriptionally more stable genes, and subsequent choosing of the most suitable genes as internal controls. Both steps can be carried out through generally accepted strategies, each having different strengths and weaknesses. The present study proposes reinforcement of the normalization of gene expression data by integrating analytical revision at critical steps of those accepted procedures. In vitro olive adventitious rooting was used as an experimental system. Candidate RGs were ranked according to transcriptional stability according to several methods. An algorithm of one of these programs (GeNorm) was adapted to allow for partial automatization of RG selection for any strategy of transcriptional-gene stability ordering. In order to choose the more appropriate set of RGs, the achieved results were analytically revised, with special emphasis on biasing effects such as co-regulation. The obtained putative RG sets were also tested for cases restricted to fewer variables. The set formed by the genes H2B, OUB and ACT is valid for normalization in transcriptional studies on olive microshoot rooting when comparing treatments, time points and assays. Such internal reference is now available for wider expression studies on any target gene in similar biological systems. The overall methodology aims to constitute a guide for general application

Major Complex Trait for Early De Novo Programming ‘CoV-MAC-TED’ Detected in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Infected by Two SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Promising to Help in Designing Therapeutic Strategies

Background: Early metabolic reorganization was only recently recognized as an essentially integrated part of immunology. In this context, unbalanced ROS/RNS levels connected to increased aerobic fermentation, which is linked to alpha-tubulin-based cell restructuring and control of cell cycle progression, were identified as a major complex trait for early de novo programming (‘CoV-MAC-TED’) during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This trait was highlighted as a critical target for developing early anti-viral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies. To obtain this result, analyses had been performed on transcriptome data from diverse experimental cell systems. A call was released for wide data collection of the defined set of genes for transcriptome analyses, named ‘ReprogVirus’, which should be based on strictly standardized protocols and data entry from diverse virus types and variants into the ‘ReprogVirus Platform’. This platform is currently under development. However, so far, an in vitro cell system from primary target cells for virus attacks that could ideally serve for standardizing the data collection of early SARS-CoV-2 infection responses has not been defined. Results: Here, we demonstrate transcriptome-level profiles of the most critical ‘ReprogVirus’ gene sets for identifying ‘CoV-MAC-TED’ in cultured human nasal epithelial cells infected by two SARS-CoV-2 variants differing in disease severity. Our results (a) validate ‘Cov-MAC-TED’ as a crucial trait for early SARS-CoV-2 reprogramming for the tested virus variants and (b) demonstrate its relevance in cultured human nasal epithelial cells. Conclusion: In vitro-cultured human nasal epithelial cells proved to be appropriate for standardized transcriptome data collection in the ‘ReprogVirus Platform’. Thus, this cell system is highly promising to advance integrative data analyses with the help of artificial intelligence methodologies for designing anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies

Co-occurrence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolates in cushion galls disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Flowery cushion gall of cacao is a disease complex with six types. Fusarium decemcellulare have been isolated from both flowery and green point galls and recognized as the etiological agent of the disease. In the present work we: i) identified by ITS-rDNA sequencing and/or taxonomy the cultivable fungal species or Operative Taxonomic Units (OTUs) associated with the five symptoms of cushion galls in cacao from Venezuela, and ii) determined the gall inducing capacity on cacao peeled seeds after 45 days of inoculation with suspensions of mycelia/ spores from distinct isolate types. The whole isolate collection rendered an abundance of 113 isolates with a richness of 39 OTUs (27) and eight identified at the species or genera levels, respectively, and in unidentified fungi. The dominant recovered species (≈36%) were F. decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Some isolates of F. decemcellulare, L. theobromae, F. equiseti, Fusarium spp., F. solani, F. incarnatum, Rhizocthonia solani and Penicillium sp. were pathogenic. Some other isolates of the first six mentioned taxa behave as non-pathogenic. Furthermore, pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates can also co-occur within a single plant and gall type. Moreover, 2-5 species within a single gall symptom in a single tree were identified (not necessarily at the same point in the tree), indicating a broad diversity of co-occurring taxa

Descripción de plagas en viveros de cacao en el cantón Milagro a partir de diferentes fuentes de información

This article aims i) to review the state of the art in the knowledge of phytosanitary problems reported in the initial stages of cacao cultivation in Ecuador, and ii) to describe the presence of such problems in Milagro vivariums. The sources of information were mixed, and these varied according to geographic scale. Information at the country level came from books or articles; in contrast, primary data to identify fungi and information provided by local farmers interviewed to describe local particularities, were used. At the same time, secondary data from undergraduate theses, institutional technical reports and press articles were used. Secondary information, with low visibility but available in digital repositories, contains valuable information for local knowledge. The damages caused by fungi and by arthropods (sensulatupests) were grouped by symptom and causal agent. Symptoms of abiotic origin are also included. The management of insect damage is considered of little importance by nurserymen, unlike those caused by fungi and chromists that constitute the fundamental challenge

Descripción de plagas en viveros de cacao en el cantón Milagro a partir de diferentes fuentes de información.// Description of pests in cacao vivarium in Milagro canton from different sources of information.

Este artículo pretende i) revisar el estado del arte en el conocimiento de los problemas fitosanitarios reportados en las fases inicialesdel cultivo del cacao en el Ecuador, y ii) describir la presencia de tales problemas en viveros de Milagro. Las fuentes de informaciónfueron mixtas, y estas variaron según la escala geográfica. La información a nivel de país provino de libros o artículos; en cambio,para describir particularidades locales se utilizaron datos primarios de identificación de hongos e información facilitada por productoreslocales entrevistados. Al mismo tiempo, se usaron datos secundarios provenientes de tesis de pregrado, informes técnicosinstitucionales y artículos de prensa. La información secundaria, de poca visibilidad pero disponible en repositorios digitales, contieneinformación puntual válida para el conocimiento local. Los daños causados por hongos y por artrópodos (plagas sensu latu)se agruparon por síntoma y agente causal. De igual forma, se incluyen daños de origen abiótico. El manejo de los daños insectilesfue considerado de poca importancia por los viveristas, a diferencia de los causados por hongos y cromistas que constituyen eldesafío fundamental.ABSTRACTThis article aims i) to review the state of the art in the knowledge of phytosanitary problems reported in the initial stages of cacaocultivation in Ecuador, and ii) to describe the presence of such problems in Milagro vivariums. The sources of information were mixed,and these varied according to geographic scale. Information at the country level came from books or articles; in contrast, primary datato identify fungi and information provided by local farmers interviewed to describe local particularities, were used. At the same time,secondary data from undergraduate theses, institutional technical reports and press articles were used. Secondary information, withlow visibility but available in digital repositories, contains valuable information for local knowledge. The damages caused by fungiand by arthropods (sensu latu pests) were grouped by symptom and causal agent. Symptoms of abiotic origin are also included. Themanagement of insect damage is considered of little importance by nurserymen, unlike those caused by fungi and chromists thatconstitute the fundamental challenge

Tiv - Arquitectura Y Funcionalidad-AR140-200701

El Taller de Diseño es la asignatura que conforma la columna vertebral de la carrera de Arquitectura y tiene por finalidad formar integralmente al estudiante de dicha especialidad.El Taller incidirá en el adiestramiento del estudiante a pesar y expresarse dentro del ámbito de la arquitectura y el diseño arquitectónico como situación intelectual donde el arquitecto transforma conceptos en proyectos que satisfagan necesidades de la sociedad una vez convertidos en estructuras permanentes

In Vitro Proliferation and Cryoconservation of Banana and Plantain Elite Clones

Agriculture and modern biotechnology are increasingly becoming interdependent, and many new techniques have brought new opportunities for enhancing production and marketing. Germplasm storage is an alternative for the conservation of plant genetic diversity, contributing to the improvement and maintenance of propagation programs for species of interest. In this work, banana corms were collected as plant material from relatively young commercial plantations of three different cultivars: ‘Williams’, Valery (AAA genome; Cavendish subgroup), and ‘Barraganete’ (AAB genome; Plantain subgroup). Their shoot tips were introduced into in vitro conditions, and subcultured monthly to obtain the required number of shoots. The shoots were subsequently rooted and stimulated to invigoration in order to extract apical meristems (0.8–1.0 mm), which were prepared for cryopreservion in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) following pre-conditioning in PVS2 vitrification solution. Thereafter, the explants were rapidly thawed and then recovered and regenerated using two different methods – by Panis (2009) and Korneva et al. (2009) – consisting of two different sets of recovery and subsequent regeneration media. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the banana cultivar ‘Williams’ demonstrated higher survival and regeneration rates after cry-opreservation using the Korneva method, whereas in cultivars ‘Valery’ and ‘Barraganete’, there were no significant differences between the tested methods. The ‘Barraganete’ cultivar had the lowest survival and regeneration rates, regardless of the applied method

Descripción de plagas en viveros de cacao en el cantón Milagro a partir de diferentes fuentes de información

This article aims i) to review the state of the art in the knowledge of phytosanitary problems reported in the initial stages of cacaocultivation in Ecuador, and ii) to describe the presence of such problems in Milagro vivariums. The sources of information were mixed,and these varied according to geographic scale. Information at the country level came from books or articles; in contrast, primary datato identify fungi and information provided by local farmers interviewed to describe local particularities, were used. At the same time,secondary data from undergraduate theses, institutional technical reports and press articles were used. Secondary information, withlow visibility but available in digital repositories, contains valuable information for local knowledge. The damages caused by fungiand by arthropods (sensu latu pests) were grouped by symptom and causal agent. Symptoms of abiotic origin are also included. Themanagement of insect damage is considered of little importance by nurserymen, unlike those caused by fungi and chromists thatconstitute the fundamental challenge.Este artículo pretende i) revisar el estado del arte en el conocimiento de los problemas fitosanitarios reportados en las fases inicialesdel cultivo del cacao en el Ecuador, y ii) describir la presencia de tales problemas en viveros de Milagro. Las fuentes de informaciónfueron mixtas, y estas variaron según la escala geográfica. La información a nivel de país provino de libros o artículos; en cambio,para describir particularidades locales se utilizaron datos primarios de identificación de hongos e información facilitada por productoreslocales entrevistados. Al mismo tiempo, se usaron datos secundarios provenientes de tesis de pregrado, informes técnicosinstitucionales y artículos de prensa. La información secundaria, de poca visibilidad pero disponible en repositorios digitales, contieneinformación puntual válida para el conocimiento local. Los daños causados por hongos y por artrópodos (plagas sensu latu)se agruparon por síntoma y agente causal. De igual forma, se incluyen daños de origen abiótico. El manejo de los daños insectilesfue considerado de poca importancia por los viveristas, a diferencia de los causados por hongos y cromistas que constituyen eldesafío fundamental

Cad Avanzado-AR91-201702

Curso electivo de especialidad en la carrera de Arquitectura y curso de la mención en Tecnologías Digitales de carácter teórico-práctico dirigido a los estudiantes de sexto ciclo.La automatización de procesos de representación digital es un estándar de la profesión gestionar y utilizar tecnologías que permitan optimizar y ejercer una alta performance que el proyecto requiere sobre técnicas avanzadas y especializadas que permita acelerar procesos.Así por medio del presente curso te formarás en la compresión de la gestión del proyecto creando y gestionando proyectos con variables y parámetros con el fin de personalizar manipular y transformar información técnico arquitectónica dentro del contexto de la cultura del Building Information Modeling (BIM)