TROMBOSE VENOSA PÓS-OPERATÓRIA

The thromboembolic phenomena deep venous thrombosis and superficial venous thrombosis are caused by formation of a thrombus in the respective venous system. Here, the etiopathogenesis, the potential clinical as well as laboratory diagnostics and the possible prophylaxis in order to avoid these thromboembolic events are discussed.A trombose venosa profunda ou superficial é a formação de trombos no sistema venoso e faz parte dos fenômenos trombo-embólicos. Neste texto são discutidos a etiopatogenia, o diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial, a profilaxia da trombose venosa no paciente cirúrgico

Correlação entre o ganho hemodinâmico obtido após a operação de varizes dos membros inferiores e a classificação da doença venosa crônica

CONTEXT: Previous studies have demonstrated improvement of venous hemodynamics after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins of the lower extremities using air plethysmography (APG). PURPOSE: To correlate the venous hemodynamics obtained by APG with the CEAP classification after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins. METHODS: We studied 63 limbs of 39 patients (35 women and 4 men) aged on average 46.3 years, operated upon at the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, during the period from January 2001 to December 2004. The 63 limbs were divided into the three following groups according to CEAP classification: group C2 + C3 (38 limbs), group C4 (15 limbs) and group C5 + C6 (10 limbs). The patients were evaluated clinically before and 30 to 40 days after surgery by preoperative duplex ultrasonography and pre- and postoperative APG. RESULTS: There was an apparent hemodynamic improvement after surgical treatment of the varicose veins in the two groups of lower severity, but the improvement was significant in the most severe group based on venous filling index. CONCLUSION : Surgical treatment was beneficial for all three groups, but the greatest hemodynamic gain was observed in the group of highest clinical severity (group C5 + C6).CONTEXTO: Estudos prévios tem demonstrado a melhora da hemodinâmica venosa após o tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores utilizando a pletismografia a ar (PGA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a hemodinâmica venosa obtida pela PGA com a classificação CEAP após tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 63 membros inferiores em 39 pacientes (35 mulheres e 4 homens), com idade média igual a 46,3 anos, operados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. Os 63 membros inferiores foram subdivididos em três grupos de acordo com a classificação CEAP, adotando-se o critério lesão de pele como referência, sendo: grupo C2 + C3 (38 membros) grupo C4 (15 membros) e grupo C5 + C6 (10 membros). Os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente pré e pós-operatório (30 a 40 dias após), mapeamento dúplex pré-operatório e PGA pré e pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Houve aparente melhora hemodinâmica após tratamento cirúrgico de varizes nos dois grupos de menor gravidade, mas foi significativa no de maior gravidade com base no índice de enchimento venoso. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico beneficiou os três grupos, mas o maior ganho hemodinâmico foi observado no grupo de gravidade clínica maior (grupo C5 + C6)

Carotid atherosclerosis evaluated by Doppler ultrasound: association with risk factors and systemic arterial disease

CONTEXTO: A aterosclerose carotídea apresenta alta prevalência populacional e associação com vários fatores de risco, contribuindo para altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a freqüência e associação da aterosclerose de carótidas extracranianas com: idade, sexo, hipertensão arterial, doença coronária isquêmica, tabagismo, diabetes melito tipo 2, obesidade, doença arterial oclusiva periférica, acidente vascular cerebral, oclusão carotídea, espessamento médio-intimal e acotovelamento. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas as artérias carótidas extracranianas, bilateralmente, de 367 indivíduos (132 homens e 235 mulheres) com idade média de 63 anos (35 a 91 anos) por anamnese, semiologia clínica e ultra-sonografia. A possibilidade da associação entre aterosclerose carotídea representada por placas ateromatosas inespecíficas com estenose > 10%, ateromatose discreta e difusa com estenose < 10% e os fatores de risco enunciados foi analisada estatisticamente pelo odds ratio e seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: A freqüência da aterosclerose carotídea foi de 52%, e do espessamento médio-intimal, de 30,2%. Houve associação entre a aterosclerose (ateromatose discreta e difusa e placas ateromatosas inespecíficas) com idade > 64 anos, acidente vascular cerebral, obesidade e tabagismo. Considerando-se somente estenoses carotídeas > 60%, houve associação com idade > 64 anos, oclusão carotídea e doença coronária. O espessamento médio-intimal apresentou associação com idade > 64 anos, acotovelamento, oclusão carotídea, hipertensão arterial e índice tornozelo-braquial < 0,9. CONCLUSÃO: A aterosclerose carotídea apresentou alta freqüência populacional (52%) e associação com idade, obesidade, acidente vascular cerebral, coronariopatia e tabagismo.BACKGROUND: A high prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in the population and its frequent association with several risk factors contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates. OBJECTIVE: To investigate frequency and association of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis with age, sex, hypertension, ischemic coronary disease, smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, carotid occlusion, intima-media thickness and kinking. METHODS: The carotid and bilateral extracranial arteries of 367 individuals (132 males and 235 females), with a mean of 63 years of age (35-91 years) were evaluated via anamnesis, clinical semiology and ultrasonography. The possible association between carotid atherosclerosis, represented by unspecific atheromatous plaques with stenosis > 10% or discrete and diffuse atheromatosis with stenosis < 10% and the risk factors listed above was statistically analyzed by the odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: The frequency of carotid atherosclerosis and intima-media thickness was, respectively, 52 and 30.2%. There was an association between atherosclerosis types and age (> 64 years), stroke, obesity and smoking. When only carotid stenosis > 60% was considered, there was an association with age (> 64 years), carotid occlusion and coronary disease. Intima-media thickness was associated with age (> 64 years), kinking, carotid occlusion, hypertension and ankle-brachial index < 0.9. CONCLUSION: Carotid atherosclerosis is highly prevalent in the population (52%) and is associated with age, obesity, stroke, coronary disease, and smoking

Venous hemodynamic study by air plethysmography in the pre- and postoperative period of lower limb varicose veins

Contexto: O tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores deve proporcionar alívio da estase venosa, a fim de evitar a evolução da doença venosa para estágios de maior gravidade clínica. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações da hemodinâmica venosa em pacientes portadores de varizes primárias dos membros inferiores no pré e pós-operatório, utilizando a pletismografia a ar. Método: Foram estudados 63 membros inferiores em 39 pacientes (35 mulheres e quatro homens), com média de idade igual a 46,3 anos, operados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. Os membros inferiores foram classificados de acordo com a classificação CEAP, em critério clínico = C2 a C6 (C2 = 6, C3 = 32, C4 = 15, C5 = 7 e C6 = 3), critério etiológico = Ep, critério anatômico = As e critério fisiopatológico = Pr. Os pacientes foram avaliados por exame clínico pré e pós-operatório, mapeamento dúplex pré-operatório e pletismografia a ar pré e pós-operatória. Resultados: Houve melhora da hemodinâmica venosa no pós-operatório, demonstrada pela diminuição do índice de enchimento venoso e da fração de volume residual e aumento da fração de ejeção nos membros inferiores submetidos à operação de varizes. Conclusão: A operação venosa superficial aliviou a estase venosa e proporcionou adequado tratamento, com o objetivo de interromper a evolução fisiopatológica da doença venosa crônica, em qualquer nível de gravidade clínica.Background: Surgical treatment of primary varicose veins of the lower limbs might contribute to venous stasis relief by preventing evolution of the venous disease to worse severity stages. Objective: To study venous hemodynamic changes in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs during the pre- and postoperative period using air plethysmography. Method: Sixty-three lower limbs of 39 patients (35 females and four males, mean age of 46.3 years) were evaluated. They were all operated at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, between January 2001 and December 2004. Lower limbs were classified according to the CEAP classification: clinical criteria = C2 to C6 (C2 = 6, C3 = 32, C4 = 15, C5 = 7 and C6 = 3), etiologic criteria = Ep, anatomic criteria = As, and pathophysiological criteria = Pr. The patients were submitted to pre- and postoperative clinical examination, preoperative duplex scan and pre- and postoperative air plethysmography. Results: Improvement in venous hemodynamics was observed after surgery, confirmed by reduction in the venous filling index and residual volume fraction and increase in the ejection fraction in the lower limbs submitted to varicose vein surgery. Conclusion: Superficial varicose vein stripping contributed to venous stasis relief and provided appropriate treatment, preventing pathophysiological evolution of chronic venous disease independently of clinical severity

Morphological and hemodynamic patterns of carotid stenosis treated by endarterectomy with patch closure versus stenting: a duplex ultrasound study

OBJECTIVES: A duplex ultrasound study was performed to investigate morphological and hemodynamic patterns of carotid stenoses treated by endarterectomy with patch closure versus stenting. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-nine carotid stenoses were treated with stenting and 65 with patch closure. Duplex ultrasound parameters (luminal diameter, mm; peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity, cm/s) were measured 24 hours after the procedures and also at 12 months post-procedure. Residual stenoses (immediately postprocedure) and restenoses (within 12 months of procedure) were defined as narrowings of >50% on duplex ultrasound examination. RESULTS: In stented patients, the luminal diameter of the proximal internal carotid artery increased in the interval between the 24-hour and 12-month post-procedure studies, while in the patch closure patients, the diameter decreased. Carotid hemodynamics normalized immediately after both patching and stenting and remained relatively stable thereafter up to 12 months. No statistically elevated flow velocities (in the absence of residual stenosis or restenosis) were observed in the patched or stented carotid arteries. No significant differences in residual stenosis rates were observed between the stenting group (3 cases, 10.34%) and the patch closure group (1 case, 1.53%, P = 0.08). At 12 months, 2 stenting patients (6.88%) and 2 patch closure patients (3.07%) had $50% restenosis (P = 0.58). One case of late stroke due to restenosis was observed in the stenting group; the patient died 12 months postoperatively, before receiving new intervention. CONCLUSION: Measurements over time in luminal diameter signalized differences in arterial remodeling mechanisms between patched and stented carotids. Both stenting and patch closure were associated with carotid patency and flow restoration. This study does not support a general approach to new velocity criteria indiscriminately applied to stented or patched carotids

Effect of cilostazol and pentoxifylline on gait biomechanics in rats with ischemic left hindlimb

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of pharmacologic treatment with cilostazol and pentoxifylline on gait biomechanics of ischemic rat hindlimbs compared with nonischemic controls. Methods: An experimental study was designed using 30 Wistar rats divided into five groups (n = 6): control (C); ischemia (I) - animals submitted to left common iliac artery interruption without pharmacologic treatment; pentoxifylline (Pen) - rats submitted to procedure and treated with pentoxifylline 3 mg/kg twice a day for 6 weeks; cilostazol (Cil) - animals submitted to procedure and treated with cilostazol 30 mg/kg twice a day for 6 weeks; and sham (S) - animals submitted to procedure without artery interruption. Gait analysis was performed using a computed treadmill. Time, number, and duration of each hindlimb contact were obtained. The total number of contacts (TNC) and the total duration of contacts (TDC) were compared between left and right hindlimb and among groups. Left hindlimb ischemic incapacitation index (LHII) was defined by the formula: LHII = (1 - TNCleft x TDCleft/TNCright x TDCright) x 100 Results: Left hindlimb TNC values were twofold lower in I, Pen, and Cil groups than in C and S groups (P &lt; .01). In I, Pen, and Cil groups, TNC values for the left hindlimb were half of the right hindlimb ones (P &lt; .01). Left hindlimb TDC values were lower in I and Pen groups than the other groups (P &lt; .01). Cil group presented twofold increased values, not different from C and S groups (P = 0.16). Right hindlimb TNC values were greater for I group (P &lt; .01). LHII was around zero in C and S groups and 82 in both I and Pen groups (P &lt; .01). Cil group presented a LHII of 42; higher than C and S groups, but lower than I and Pen groups (P &lt; .01). Conclusions: Cilostazol at a dose of 30 mg/kg twice a day promoted improvement in gait performance in rats submitted to chronic hindlimb ischemia. Pentoxifylline at a dose of 3 mg/kg twice a day did not show this effect. (J Vasc Surg 2012;56:476-81.

Use of methylene blue in the reversal of vasoplegia refractory to the use of catecholamines after aortobifemoral bypass

Há evidências de que o óxido nítrico (NO) tem importância na vasodilatação associada a reações vasoplégicas. O objetivo deste relato de caso é documentar um caso de vasoplegia refratária ao uso de catecolaminas após bypass aortobifemoral revertida com o uso de azul de metileno. Mulher, 50 anos, submetida a bypass aortobifemoral. Sem comorbidades. Saiu de sala cirúrgica extubada, estável e com pulsos distais presentes. Duas horas após a cirurgia, evoluiu com choque circulatório. Iniciada noradrenalina e investigadas causas de choque. Manteve-se com necessidades crescentes de aminas e parâmetros estáveis. No sexto dia pós-operatório, com a hipótese de vasoplegia refratária, optou-se pelo uso do azul. Resposta imediata, com queda nos níveis de aminas, sendo desligada a noradrenalina no dia seguinte. O azul de metileno inibe a guanilato ciclase, produtora de guanosina monofosfato cíclico. Especula-se que haja um sinergismo entre essas drogas, já que a sua associação permite a atuação do sistema adenosina monofosfato.There is evidence that the nitric oxide plays an important role in the vasodilation associated with vasoplegic reactions. The objective of this case report is to document a case of catecholamine-refractory shock after aortobifemoral bypass treated with methylene blue. A 50-year-old woman was admitted for aortobifemoral bypass graft surgery. She did not present with any comorbidities. At the end of the surgery, she was breathing spontaneously, with palpable pedal pulses. Two hours later, the patient presented shock. Noradrenaline infusion was initiated and the causes of shock were investigated. She required increasing doses of amines and her parameters were stable. On the sixth day after surgery, methylene blue was administered due to the hypothesis of refractory vasoplegia. There was immediate response, with decrease in the catecholamine infusion levels until its withdrawal on the next day. Methylene blue inhibits the enzyme guanylate cyclase that produces GMPc. There might be a synergism between these two drugs, since their association allows the action of the AMPc system