The design discipline meets starry chef’s competencies for the “Flavours Abecedary” project development

ABSTRACT : Our research explores new perspectives of food design through a multidisciplinary and collaborative process that interprets the concept of conviviality by providing an experience of interaction with food focusingon narrative and evocative components that become tools of territorial valorization, of resources and know-how. Many designers investigated food design topic by attributing a esthetic and formal values and critical and speculative elements to the food. The work aims to explore the expressive and functional levels of food, implementing its “emotional features” and consolidating the connection between senses and behaviour. The main results obtained are the development and test of narrative and taste tools, generated by the collaboration with a starry chef and users, to create a dining experience linked with territorial identities and memories, exploring new interactions.RESUMEN : Nuestra investigación explora nuevas perspectivas del Food Design, a través de un proceso multidisciplinar y colaborativo que interpreta el concepto de convivialidad, proporcionando una experienciade interacción con la comida centrada en el componente narrativo yevocador que se convierte en herramientas de valorización territorial, de los recursos y del saber hacer. El tema del Food Design ha sido investigado por muchos diseñadores, quehan atribuido a la comida valores estéticos, formales a de más de elementos críticos y especulativos. El trabajo pretende explorar los niveles expressivos y funcionales de los alimentos, implementando sus"características emocionales" y consolidando la conexión entre los sentidos y el comportamiento. Los principales resultados obtenidos son el desarrollo y la puesta a prueba de herramientas narrativas y gustativas, generadas por la colaboración con el chef estrella y los usuarios, capacesde crear una experiencia gastronómica vinculada a las identidades y recuerdos territoriales, explorando nuevas interacciones.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

KIR3DS1-Mediated Recognition of HLA-*B51: Modulation of KIR3DS1 Responsiveness by Self HLA-B Allotypes and Effect on NK Cell Licensing

Several studies described an association between killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)/HLA gene combinations and clinical outcomes in various diseases. In particular, an important combined role for KIR3DS1 and HLA-B Bw4-I80 in controlling viral infections and a higher protection against leukemic relapses in donor equipped with activating KIRs in haplo-HSCT has been described. Here, we show that KIR3DS1 mediates positive signals upon recognition of HLA-B*51 (Bw4-I80) surface molecules on target cells and that this activation occurs only in Bw4-I80neg individuals, including those carrying particular KIR/HLA combination settings. In addition, killing of HLA-B*51 transfected target cells mediated by KIR3DS1+/NKG2A+ natural killer (NK) cell clones from Bw4-I80neg donors could be partially inhibited by antibody-mediated masking of KIR3DS1. Interestingly, KIR3DS1-mediated recognition of HLA-B*51 could be better appreciated under experimental conditions in which the function of NKG2D was reduced by mAb-mediated blocking. This experimental approach may mimic the compromised function of NKG2D occurring in certain viral infections. We also show that, in KIR3DS1+/ NKG2A+ NK cell clones derived from an HLA-B Bw4-T80 donor carrying 2 KIR3DS1 gene copy numbers, the positive signal generated by the engagement of KIR3DS1 by HLA-B*51 resulted in a more efficient killing of HLA-B*51-transfected target cells. Moreover, in these clones, a direct correlation between KIR3DS1 and NKG2D surface density was detected, while the expression of NKp46 was inversely correlated with that of KIR3DS1. Finally, we analyzed KIR3DS1+/NKG2A+ NK cell clones from a HLA-B Bw4neg donor carrying cytoplasmic KIR3DL1. Although these clones expressed lower levels of surface KIR3DS1, they displayed responses comparable to those of NK cell clones derived from HLA-B Bw4neg donors that expressed surface KIR3DL1. Altogether these data suggest that, in particular KIR/HLA combinations, KIR3DS1 may play a role in the process of human NK cell educatio

KIR3DS1-mediated recognition of HLA-*B51: modulation of KIR3DS1 responsiveness by self HLA-B allotypes and effect on NK cell licensing

Several studies described an association between killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)/HLA gene combinations and clinical outcomes in various diseases [1-2]. Here, we show that KIR3DS1 mediates positive signals upon recognition of HLA-B*51 (Bw4-I80) surface molecules on target cells and that this activation occurs only in Bw4-I80neg individuals, including those carrying particular KIR/HLA combination settings. In addition, killing of HLA-B*51 transfected target cells mediated by KIR3DS1+/NKG2A+ NK cell clones from Bw4-I80neg donors could be partially inhibited by antibody-mediated masking of KIR3DS1. Interestingly, KIR3DS1-mediated recognition of HLA-B*51 could be better appreciated under experimental conditions in which the function of NKG2D was reduced by mAb-mediated blocking. This experimental approach may mimic the compromised function of NKG2D occurring in certain viral infections. We also show that, in KIR3DS1+/NKG2A+ NK cell clones derived from an HLA-B Bw4-T80 donor carrying 2 KIR3DS1 gene copy numbers, the positive signal generated by the engagement of KIR3DS1 by HLA-B*51 resulted in a more efficient killing of HLA-B*51-transfected target cells. Finally, we analyzed KIR3DS1+/NKG2A+ NK cell clones from a HLA-B Bw4neg donor carrying cytoplasmic KIR3DL1. Although these clones expressed lower levels of surface KIR3DS1, they displayed responses comparable to those of NK cell clones derived from HLA-B Bw4neg donors that expressed surface KIR3DL1. Altogether these data suggest that, in particular KIR/HLA combinations, KIR3DS1 may play a role in the process of human NK cell education

Uptake of CCR7 by KIR2DS4+ NK cells is induced upon recognition of certain HLA-C alleles: implication of activating KIRs in haploidentical HSCT

Alloreactive NK cells have been shown to play a crucial role in the successful therapy of high risk acute leukemias in the haplo-HSCT setting (1-4). Recently, we have shown that in KIR/KIR-ligand mismatched haplo-HCT a remarkable advantage may exist in selecting KIR2DS1+ donors to be used in C2+ recipients, not only for their killing capability against recipient’s leukemic cells, but also for their ability of killing allogeneic DC and T cell blasts, thus preventing GvHD and graft rejection. Moreover we have shown that, as previously described for KIR2DS1, also KIR2DS4, another activating KIR, may induce acquisition of CCR7 and migratory properties by human NK cells interacting with B-EBV infected cells expressing spe- cific HLA molecules. Importantly, this de novo CCR7 expression, occurring by a mech- anism of trogocytosis, may represent a mechanism by which alloreactive KIR2DS1+ or KIR2DS4+ NK cells can migrate to lymph nodes, kill recipient’s DCs and prevent priming of alloreactive donor’s T cells as well as induction of graft-versus-host dis- ease (GvHD)

An Historical Overview: The Discovery of How NK Cells Can Kill Enemies, Recruit Defense Troops, and More

Natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined as effector lymphocytes of innate immunity characterized by the unique ability of killing tumor and virally infected cells without any prior priming and expansion of specific clones. The \u201cmissing-self\u201d theory, proposed by Klas Karre, the seminal discovery of the first prototypic HLA class I-specific inhibitory receptors, and, later, of the Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs) by Alessandro Moretta, provided the bases to understand the puzzling behavior of NK cells. Actually, those discoveries proved crucial also for many of the achievements that, along the years, have contributed to the modern view of these cells. Indeed, NK cells, besides killing susceptible targets, are now known to functionally interact with different immune cells, sense pathogens using TLR, adapt their responses to the local environment, and, even, mount a sort of immunological memory. In this review, we will specifically focus on the main activating NK receptors and on their crucial role in the ever-increasing number of functions assigned to NK cells and other innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

Severity of Hepatocyte Damage and Prognosis in Cirrhotic Patients Correlate with Hepatocyte Magnesium Depletion

We aimed to evaluate the magnesium content in human cirrhotic liver and its correlation with serum AST levels, expression of hepatocellular injury, and MELDNa prognostic score. In liver biopsies obtained at liver transplantation, we measured the magnesium content in liver tissue in 27 cirrhotic patients (CIRs) and 16 deceased donors with healthy liver (CTRLs) by atomic absorption spectrometry and within hepatocytes of 15 CIRs using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy. In 31 CIRs and 10 CTRLs, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression in hepatocytes of the transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), a magnesium influx chanzyme also involved in inflammation. CIRs showed a lower hepatic magnesium content (117.2 (IQR 110.5–132.9) vs. 162.8 (IQR 155.9–169.8)  g/g; p < 0.001) and a higher percentage of TRPM7 positive hepatocytes (53.0 (IQR 36.8–62.0) vs. 20.7 (10.7–32.8)%; p < 0.001) than CTRLs. In CIRs, MELDNa and serum AST at transplant correlated: (a) inversely with the magnesium content both in liver tissue and hepatocytes; and (b) directly with the percentage of hepatocytes stained intensely for TRPM7. The latter also directly correlated with the worsening of MELDNa at transplant compared to waitlisting. Magnesium depletion and overexpression of its influx chanzyme TRPM7 in hepatocytes are associated with severity of hepatocyte injury and prognosis in cirrhosis. These data represent the pathophysiological basis for a possible beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation in cirrhotic patients