A Translational Murine Model of Sub-Lethal Intoxication with Shiga Toxin 2 Reveals Novel Ultrastructural Findings in the Brain Striatum

Infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli causes hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), acute renal failure, and also central nervous system complications in around 30% of the children affected. Besides, neurological deficits are one of the most unrepairable and untreatable outcomes of HUS. Study of the striatum is relevant because basal ganglia are one of the brain areas most commonly affected in patients that have suffered from HUS and since the deleterious effects of a sub-lethal dose of Shiga toxin have never been studied in the striatum, the purpose of this study was to attempt to simulate an infection by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in a murine model. To this end, intravenous administration of a sub-lethal dose of Shiga toxin 2 (0.5 ηg per mouse) was used and the correlation between neurological manifestations and ultrastructural changes in striatal brain cells was studied in detail. Neurological manifestations included significant motor behavior abnormalities in spontaneous motor activity, gait, pelvic elevation and hind limb activity eight days after administration of the toxin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the toxin caused early perivascular edema two days after administration, as well as significant damage in astrocytes four days after administration and significant damage in neurons and oligodendrocytes eight days after administration. Interrupted synapses and mast cell extravasation were also found eight days after administration of the toxin. We thus conclude that the chronological order of events observed in the striatum could explain the neurological disorders found eight days after administration of the toxin.Fil: Tironi Farinati, Alicia Carla Flavia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Geoghegan, Patricia A.. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Cangelosi, Adriana. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Pinto, Alipio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Fisiología. Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología; ArgentinaFil: Loidl, Cesar Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias.;Fil: Goldstein, Jorge. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Fisiología. Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología; Argentin

Action of the Shiga Toxin type 2 produced by enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in the Nervous Central System

La toxina Shiga 2 (Stx2) producida por Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica es la principal causa de diarrea asociada a síndrome urémico hemolítico e insuficiencia renal. El 30 % de la población infantil que sufre SUH padece alteraciones en el sistema nervioso central (SNC). Nos propusimos determinar la expresión del receptor Gb3, el cual produce la entrada de la toxina en las células que lo poseen, en condiciones normales y luego de la administración intracerebroventricular de Stx2 en cerebros de roedores. Observamos que el receptor Gb3 se expresa en neuronas y aumenta con la administración local de Stx2. La interacción Gb3-Stx2 en neuronas podría contribuir al daño producido por las encefalopatías derivadas del SUH en niños intoxicados por ingestión de productos contaminados por E. coli enterohemorrágica. También caracterizamos el efecto de dosis subletales de Stx2 (dsStx2) administrada vía intravenosa por ultraestructura que se correlacionó con tests de comportamiento por primera vez. Este modelo translacional nos fue útil para determinar que dosis subletales de la toxina son capaces de generar un daño cronológico significativo de eventos en cerebros de ratones, que podría explicar las lesiones neurológicas que remiten o resultan ser permanentes en pacientes intoxicados. Un significativo edema perivascular se observó luego de 2 días de la administración sistémica de Stx2, daño en astrocitos a los 4 días, y en neuronas y oligodendrocitos luego de 8 días. También fue importante encontrar extravasación de mastocitos y sinapsis interrumpidas. Finalmente el tratamiento de la Dexametasona, un antiinflamatorio, el Lactobacillus Plantarum, y/o anticuerpos anti-Stx2 logran neutralizar la acción de Stx2. Estos estudios servirán como antecedentes para desentrañar a futuro los mecanismos celulares y moleculares involucrados en los procesos neuropatológicos durante la fase aguda de la intoxicación. En base a este conocimiento, agentes terapéuticos pueden ser utilizados para neutralizar la Stx2 a nivel central.Shiga toxin (Stx2) produced by Escherichia coli enterohemorragic is the main cause of diarrhea associated to the hemolytic uremic syndrome. 30% of the child population that suffers from HUS shows alterations in the central neurosystem (CNS). We observed that Stx2’s receptor Gb3 is expressed in neurons and it’s expression is upregulated after the administration of Stx2. The Gb3-Stx2 interaction in neurons could contribute to the damage produced by HUS derived encephalopaties in children. We also studied the effect of the sub lethal doses of Stx2 administrated endovenously and for first time we found comportamental changes in mice. This translational model was useful to determine that sublethal doses of Stx2 are able to produce a significative chronologic damage in the mice brain, that might explain the neuropatological lesions that occurs in intoxicated patients. Two days after the administration of Stx2 we observed perivascular edema, astrocitary damage at the 4th day and damage in neurons and oligodendrocites at the 8th day. Another important discovery was to found tripartite synapses and mastocyte extravasation. Finally a treatment with Dexamethasone, an antiinflamatory, the Lactobacillus Plantarum, and/or antibodies anti-Stx2 neutralize the action of Stx2. These studies will serve as antecedents to unveil the cell and molecular mechanisms involved in the neuropathologic processes during the acute phase of the intoxication. Based on this knowledge, therapeutic agents can be used to neutralize Stx2 at central level.Fil:Tironi Farinati, Alicia Carla Flavia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

A translational murine model of sub-lethal intoxication with Shiga toxin 2 reveals novel ultrastructural findings in the brain striatum.

Infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli causes hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), acute renal failure, and also central nervous system complications in around 30% of the children affected. Besides, neurological deficits are one of the most unrepairable and untreatable outcomes of HUS. Study of the striatum is relevant because basal ganglia are one of the brain areas most commonly affected in patients that have suffered from HUS and since the deleterious effects of a sub-lethal dose of Shiga toxin have never been studied in the striatum, the purpose of this study was to attempt to simulate an infection by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in a murine model. To this end, intravenous administration of a sub-lethal dose of Shiga toxin 2 (0.5 ηg per mouse) was used and the correlation between neurological manifestations and ultrastructural changes in striatal brain cells was studied in detail. Neurological manifestations included significant motor behavior abnormalities in spontaneous motor activity, gait, pelvic elevation and hind limb activity eight days after administration of the toxin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the toxin caused early perivascular edema two days after administration, as well as significant damage in astrocytes four days after administration and significant damage in neurons and oligodendrocytes eight days after administration. Interrupted synapses and mast cell extravasation were also found eight days after administration of the toxin. We thus conclude that the chronological order of events observed in the striatum could explain the neurological disorders found eight days after administration of the toxin

Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from kefir protects vero cells from cytotoxicity by type-II shiga toxin from Escherichia coli O157:H7

Kefir is a fermented-milk beverage originating and widely consumed in the Caucasus as well as in Eastern Europe and is a source of bacteria with potential probiotic properties. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli producing Shiga toxin is commonly associated with food-transmitted diseases; the most prevalent serotype causing epidemics is Esch. coli O157:H7. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antagonism of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from kefir against the action on Vero cells of supernatants of the Esch. coli O157:H7 strain 69160 expressing the type-II Shiga toxin (Stx2) and to study the role of the Lactobacillus cell wall in that inhibition. Spent culture supernatants of Esch. coli O157:H7 strain 69160 led to cytotoxic effects on cultured eukaryotic cells as evidenced by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide–cleavage assay or by lactate-dehyrogenase release. Lb. plantarum CIDCA 83114 reduced the cytotoxic activity of Stx present in strain-69160 supernatants, and this protection was markedly higher than those of Lactobacillus kefir CIDCA 83113 and 8348 and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CIDCA 333. This antagonism of cytotoxicity was mimicked by Lb. plantarum cell walls but was reduced after heating or protease treatments, thus indicating a protein or peptide as being involved in the protection mechanism. The cell surface of the lactobacilli bound the subunit B of Stx thereby decreasing the cytotoxicity. These interactions could constitute the first step in preventing the damage induced by Esch. coli O157:H7 supernatants, thus representing a valuable means of potentially mitigating the noxious effects of this food pathogen.Fil: Kakisu, Emiliano Javier. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Abraham, Analia Graciela. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Área de Bioquímica y Control de Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Tironi Farinati, Carla. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia; ArgentinaFil: Ibarra, Cristina Adriana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: de Antoni, Graciela. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentin

Intracerebroventricular Shiga toxin 2 increases the expression of its receptor globotriaosylceramide and causes dendritic abnormalities

Neurological damage caused by intoxication with Shiga toxin (Stx) from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is the most unrepairable and untreatable outcome of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, and occurs in 30% of affected infants. In this work intracerebroventricular administration of Stx2 in rat brains significantly increased the expression of its receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in neuronal populations from striatum, hippocampus and cortex. Stx2 was immunodetected in neurons that expressed Gb3 after intracerebroventricular administration of the toxin. Confocal immunofluorescence of microtubule-associated protein 2 showed aberrant dendrites in neurons expressing increased Gb3. The pro-apoptotic Bax protein was concomitantly immunodetected in neurons and other cell populations from the same described areas including the hypothalamus. Confocal immunofluorescence showed that Gb3 colocalized also with glial fibrillary acidic protein only in reactive astrocytic processes, and not in vehicle-treated normal ones. Rats showed weight variation and motor deficits as compared to controls. We thus suggest that Stx2 induces the expression of Gb3 in neurons and triggers neuronal dysfunctions.Fil: Tironi Farinati, Alicia Carla Flavia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Loidl, Cesar Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis; ArgentinaFil: Boccoli, Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas; ArgentinaFil: Parma, Yanil Renee. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Miyakawa, Mariano Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Goldstein Raij, Jorge. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Behavioral motor test.

<p>Plotting of SHIRPA scores to standardize results of four motor behavioral tests (spontaneous motor activity, gait, pelvic elevation and hind limb activity). Arbitrary units (a.u.) are the mean summation of the four independent tests for each day and treatment (vehicle or Stx2). Normal behavior = 0; abnormal behavior = 1. The vehicle-treated group (vehicle) shows no abnormal behavior while the Stx2-treated group (Stx2) shows significant abnormal behavior (*) on day 8 of toxin treatment (p<0.05).</p

Intravenous administration of Stx2 causes neuronal damage.

<p>Conserved striatal neuron after i.v. vehicle (saline) administration (A); pale nucleus (N) and intact cytoplasm (c) and membranes (m); intact mitochondrion (arrow). After 2 days of treatment: vacuolated neuron with contrasted cytoplasm (c) and nucleus (N) (B); heterochromatin condensation (h). After 4 days: more contrasted nucleus (N) with increased heterochromatin (h) condensation and prominent indentation with loss of membranes (arrows) (C); vacuolated perinuclear mitochondrion (*) (C). Neuron with edema and loss of regular nuclear shape on day 8 (D). Disorganized endoplasmic reticulum (R) in the cytoplasm with edema (E) at higher magnification; loss of regular shape in the nucleus (F) of a neuron with edema (E); affected neuronal nucleus (N) with irregular shape and no apparent surrounded cytoplasm; (Ol, oligodendrocyte) (G). These features are absent in striatal neurons of the vehicle-treated group (A). Quantification of the percentage of damaged neurons with edema (H). Significant results are observed starting on day 4. Maximum number of neurons with edema in Stx2-treated mice observed on day 8 (*) (H). Results are expressed as a percentage of the total number of neurons in an area of 3721 µm². Data are mean ±SEM of 6–8 experiments (F and G). An asterisk denotes statistical significance, p<0.05. The scale bar in A applies to micrographs B–D and F–G.</p