Performance and ruminal development of dairy calves fed starter concentrate with different physical forms

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da forma física do concentrado no desempenho e no desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros leiteiros. Foram utilizados 22 bezerros Holandeses com peso corporal inicial médio de 43,2 kg, alojados individualmente e alimentados com dieta líquida (4 L/d) e concentrado inicial de duas formas físicas (peletizada ou farelada). O consumo de concentrado inicial foi monitorado diariamente e os animais pesados semanalmente, sempre após o fornecimento da dieta líquida, pela manhã. Após dez semanas, quatro bezerros de cada tratamento foram abatidos para coleta de amostras de fluido ruminal para determinação do pH e das concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e de N-NH3 ruminal. Também foram realizadas medidas morfométricas do trato digestório superior. Não houve efeito da forma física no consumo de concentrado inicial, no peso corporal ou no ganho de peso diário dos animais. A forma física do concentrado inicial também não afetou o pH, as concentrações de AGCC ou de N-NH3 ruminal, assim como as medidas morfométricas do trato digestório superior, à exceção da capacidade do rúmen e do peso do abomaso, que foram maiores nos animais alimentados com concentrado peletizado. O fornecimento de concentrado farelado pode ser uma alternativa para a redução de custo de produção, uma vez que a forma física do concentrado não afeta o desempenho ou o desenvolvimento do trato digestório superior de bezerros leiteiros.The physical form of concentrate on the performance and rumen development on dairy calves was evaluated in this experiment. Twenty-two Holstein male calves, with 42.3 kg initial body weight, were individually housed, fed 4 L/d of liquid diet and starter concentrate in two physical forms (pelleted or coarsely ground). Starter concentrate intake was monitored daily and calves were weighted weekly, always after the morning liquid diet feeding. After 10 weeks, four calves from each treatment were slaughtered and rumen samples were taken for pH, rumen short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and N-NH3 concentration. Morphometric measurement of the forestomach was also evaluated. There was no effect of the physical form on starter concentrate intake, body weight, and daily gain. The physical form of the concentrate also had no effects on pH, SCFA or N-NH3 rumen concentration, nor on the morphometric measurements of the forestomach, except for rumen capacity and abomasum weight, which were higher for animals fed pelleted starter concentrate. Coarsely ground starter concentrate may be an alternative to reduced production costs since the physical form of the concentrate had no effect on performance or in the development of forestomach of dairy calves

Evaluation of mannan-oligosaccharides offered in milk replacers or calf starters and their effect on performance and rumen development of dairy calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate the route of administration of mannan-oligosaccharides in the diet of dairy calves and their effects on performance and plasma parameters indicative of rumen development. Following birth, twenty-four male Holstein calves were used in a completely randomized design and assigned to the following treatments: Control; 4 g/d Bio-Mos (R) (Alltech Biotech.) added to starter concentrate; and 4 g/d Bio-Mos (R) mixed into milk replacer. Animals were housed in individual hutches with free access to water, and fed 4L/d of milk replacer until weaning at six weeks. Calves also received 23g/kg crude protein of starter concentrate ad libitum. Fecal scores were evaluated daily. Body weights, growth measurements and blood samples for glucose, urea-N and beta-hidroxibutyrate analyses were taken weekly until 8 weeks of age. There were no significant effects of treatment or treatment x age interactions for mean starter concentrate intake, weight gain or body growth. However, there was a significant age effect for all parameters. Fecal scores were not affected by treatments. Also, plasma concentration of glucose, urea-N or beta-hidroxibutyrate were not affected by treatment or the treatment x age interaction. However, urea-N and beta-hidroxibutyrate concentrations significantly increased with age, suggesting adequate rumen development. Under the conditions of this study, there were no calf performance benefits when mannan-oligosaccharides were incorporated into milk replacer or calf starter concentrate.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq

Quantidades e formas de proteína dietética para vacas em lactação

Feeding extra protein as an attempt to increase amino acid flux to the intestine may increase lactational performance of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to compare lactating dairy cow diets containing 16% crude protein (CP), adequate in rumen degradable protein (RDP) and metabolizable protein (MP) according to NRC (2001), with diets containing 17.5% CP. Forty-two Holstein cows (27 primiparous and 15 multiparous, with 172 days in milk) were used in a 3 ´ 3 Latin Square design with 14 replicates. Control diet consisted of 16% CP, adequate in RDP and MP . Crude protein content of diets was increased to 17.5% by feeding extra soybean meal and cottonseed meal (SBCS17.5) to increase diet MP, or extra urea (U-17.5) to increase diet RDP. The experiment was carried out during 60 days with three periods. Animals were group-fed a total mixed ration and milked twice a day. Dry matter intake was higher for the U-17.5 diet (p < 0.15) than for the control diet. Milk (p < 0.01) and 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM-3.5%) (p < 0.05) yields were increased by extra soybean and cottonseed meal (SBCS-17.5) but not by extra urea (U-17.5). Milk fat content and yield were not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). Milk protein content decreased (p < 0.01) by feeding extra urea (U-17.5). However, higher (p < 0.01) protein yields were observed for the SBCS-17.5 treatment. For cows milking around 29 kg d-1, increasing diet CP content to 17.5%, by feeding extra soybean and cottonseed meal, beyond recommendations for RDP and MP, increased yields of milk, yields of 3.5% fat corrected milk and yields of milk protein.O fornecimento de dietas com maior teor de proteína para aumentar o fluxo de aminoácidos para o intestino pode aumentar o desempenho lactacional. Compararam-se dietas para vacas em lactação contendo 16% de proteína bruta (PB), adequada em proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) e proteína metabolizável (PM) (NRC, 2001) com dietas com maiores teores de PB (17,5%) . Quarenta e duas vacas (27 primíparas e 15 multíparas, com 172 dias em lactação) foram utilizadas em um delineamento do tipo Quadrado Latino 3 ´ 3, com 14 repetições. A dieta controle continha 16% de PB e era adequada em PDR e PM de acordo com o NRC (2001). O teor de PB das dietas foi aumentado para 17,5% através do aumento no fornecimento de farelo de soja e de algodão (SBCS-17,5) para aumentar a PM, ou uréia (U-17,5) para aumentar a PDR. O experimento teve duração de 60 dias com três subperíodos. Os animais foram alimentados em grupo com ração completa e ordenhados duas vezes ao dia. O consumo de matéria seca foi maior para a dieta U-17,5 (p < 0,15) do que para a dieta controle. A produção de leite (p < 0,01) e de leite corrigido para gordura 3,5% (LCG-3,5%) (p < 0,05) foram aumentadas com o maior fornecimento de farelo de soja e de algodão (SBCS-17,5) mas não pelo maior fornecimento de uréia (U-17,5). O teor e a produção de gordura do leite não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. O teor de proteína foi reduzido (p < 0,01) pelo maior fornecimento de uréia (U-17,5); enquanto maior produção de proteína do leite (p < 0,01) foi observada para o tratamento SBCS-17,5. Para vacas produzindo em torno de 29 kg d-1, aumentar o teor de PB para 17,5%, por meio do maior fornecimento de farelo de soja e de algodão, acima das recomendações do NRC (2001) para PDR e PM, resultou em aumentos na produção de leite, leite corrigido para gordura e de proteína do leite.FAPES

Effect of inclusion of sodium butyrate, calcium propionate or sodium monensin in the starter feed on ruminal parameters and forestomach development in dairy calves

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de butirato de sódio, monensina sódica ou propionato de cálcio no concentrado inicial sobre parâmetros ruminais e de desenvolvimento do trato digestório superior de bezerros leiteiros. Quinze bezerros holandeses recém-nascidos foram fistulados no rúmen e alojados em baias individuais até a décima semana de vida, com livre acesso a água, alimentados com leite (4 L/dia), em duas refeições, e concentrado à vontade contendo butirato de sódio (0,15%), monensina sódica (30 ppm) ou propionato de cálcio (0,15%). A partir da quarta semana de vida dos animais, antes e 2 horas após a alimentação da manhã, foram realizadas colheitas semanais de fluido ruminal para determinação do pH, da concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e N-amoniacal. Ao completar 10 semanas, os animais foram abatidos para avaliação do crescimento do trato digestório superior. O pH ruminal apresentou diferenças, tanto entre horários quanto entre os aditivos utilizados no concentrado inicial. As concentrações de AGCC totais, bem como de cada ácido graxo, não foram afetadas pelos aditivos. Entretanto, o horário de colheita teve efeito sobre todos os parâmetros, exceto a concentração molar de ácido acético. O peso total do trato digestório superior, assim como o peso médio de cada compartimento e a capacidade máxima do retículo-rúmen, não foram afetados pelos aditivos fornecidos no concentrado. Também não foram observados efeitos dos aditivos sobre a altura, a largura e o número de papilas do epitélio ruminal. A inclusão desses aditivos no concentrado inicial não afeta os parâmetros ruminais ou de desenvolvimento do trato digestório de bezerros em aleitamento.The objective of this study was the evaluation of the inclusion of calcium propionate, sodium butyrate and sodium monensin in the starter concentrate on ruminal parameters and forestomach development in dairy calves. Fifteen newborn Holstein calves were rumen cannulated and housed in individual stalls until ten weeks old, with free access to water, fed 4 liters of milk per day, split in two meals, and starter concentrate ad libitum containing sodium butyrate (0.15%), sodium monensin (30 ppm) or calcium propionate (0.15%). Starting at the fourth week of life, before and 2 hours after the morning feeding, ruminal fluid samples were taken weekly to determine the pH, short-chain fatty acids and ammonia-N. After 10 weeks, the animals were slaughtered to assess the forestomach growth. The rumen pH was affected by sampling time and the additives used in the starter concentrate. The total short-chain fatty acids concentration and each fatty acid concentration, were was not affected by the additives. However, except for molar concentration of acetic acid, all rumen fermentation parameters were affected by sampling time. The total forestomach weight and the average weight of each compartment and the maximum reticulum-rumen capacity were not affected by additives supplied in the starter concentrate. No significant effects of the additives were observed on the height, width and number of papillae of the ruminal epithelium. The inclusion of these additives in starter concentrate had no effect on most of the ruminal parameters and forestomach development in suckling calves.FAPES

Passive immune transfer, health, pre-weaning performance, and metabolism of dairy calves fed a colostrum supplement associated with medium-quality maternal colostrum

The objective of this study was to evaluate passive immunity transfer, health, performance, and metabolism of Holstein calves fed colostrum supplement associated with medium-quality colostrum. After birth, calves were blocked according to birth weight and date and distributed into the following treatments: high-quality colostrum (> 50 mg of Ig/mL; n = 15; 150 g kg-1 BW; positive control group); medium-quality colostrum (30-40 mg of Ig/mL; n = 14; 150 g kg-1 BW), and medium-quality colostrum (30-40 mg of Ig/mL; n = 15; 150 g kg-1 BW) + colostrum supplement (15 mL) given with the colostrum. Colostrum was given within the first 12 h of life in two meals by nipple bottle, and colostrum replacer was administered by a blister syringe. Blood samples were taken every 12 h up to 48 h of life for total serum protein (TSP) evaluation. After colostrum feeding, calves were fed 4 L of transition milking, split in two meals for a period of one to four days and received milk replacer thereafter. Calves were individually housed, with free access to water and concentrate and bucket-fed 6 L/d of milk replacer up to the sixth week of life, when they received 4 L/d until weaning, with eight weeks. Colostrum feeding protocol affected the TSP concentration in the first 48 h of life, while the concentrations of albumin, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected. During the milk-feeding period, the concentrate and total dry matter intake were not affected by the colostrum protocol, but increased as animals aged. Colostrum-feeding protocol did not affect performance or health of calves. Feeding colostrum supplement associated with medium-quality colostrum had no effect on passive immune transfer, performance, nor on the metabolism during the liquid-feeding phase. This is an open access article.Fil: Ribeiro De Paula, Marília. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Brito Rocha, Nathália. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Miqueo, Evangelina. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Brasil. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Moura Silva, Fernanda Lavínia. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Gavanski Coelho, Marina. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Machado Bittar, Carla Maris. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Brasi

Agronomic and nutritional characteristics of the corn hybrids for silage production

Objetivou-se estabelecer correlações entre características quantitativas e qualitativas e avaliar a influência dessas características sobre a produção e a qualidade do milho para silagem. Utilizaram-se dados do Programa de Avaliação de Cultivares de Milho para Silagem IAC/APTA/ESALQ para cálculo das correlações de Pearson entre as variáveis. A produção de matéria seca (MS) digestível foi afetada tanto pelas produções de massa e de grãos quanto pelas digestibilidades da planta e do colmo. A produção de matéria seca digestível apresentou os maiores coeficientes de correlação com a produção de MS (0,85); com as produções de grãos na ensilagem (0,60) e na maturidade (0,68); com produção de matéria verde (0,47); e com o índice de espigas (0,48). Os coeficientes de correlação entre a produção de matéria seca digestível e a digestibilidade da planta inteira (0,44) e da fração colmo (0,38) foram inferiores aos obtidos para a produção de matéria seca. A digestibilidade da planta dependeu principalmente da digestibilidade do colmo (0,60) e dos parâmetros relacionados aos grãos. Na ausência de informações específicas sobre os cultivares de milho para silagem, pode-se optar por aqueles de maior produção de grãos à maturidade, em razão da elevada correlação dessa característica com produção de matéria seca e com produção de matéria seca digestível.The objective of this work was to establish correlations between quantitative and qualitative variables and to evaluate their influence on the corn quality for ensilage production. Data from the Corn Hybrids for Silage Evaluation Program were used (IAC/APTA/ESALQ). Pearson correlations between the variables were calculated. The digestible dry matter (DM) production was affected not only by forage and grain productions, but also by the whole plant and stem digestibility. The digestible dry matter production presented the highest correlation coefficients with the total dry matter production (0.85) and with the grain production at ensiling (0.60) and maturity (0.68), production of fresh forage (0.47) and with the plant ears index (0.48). The correlation coefficients between the digestible DM production and the whole plant digestibility (0.44) and the stem fraction (0.38) were lower than those observed for the DM production. The whole plant digestibility depended mainly on the stem digestibility (0.60) and on parameters related to the grains. It may be concluded that when specific information on corn hybrids is not available, those with higher production of grains at maturity are selected due to their elevated correlation with DM production and digestible DM

Lysine and Methionine Supplementation for Dairy Calves Is More Accurate through the Liquid than the Solid Diet

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and metabolic changes in dairy calves supplemented with lysine and methionine in milk replacer (MR) or starter concentrate (SC). Male Holstein calves (n = 45) were blocked and distributed in Control without supplementation (1) and; Lysine and Methionine supplementation to achieve an intake of 17 and 5.3 g/d in the SC (2) and to achieve of 17 and 5.3 g/d in the MR (3). MR was fed (6 L/d) until the 8th week of life when weaning occurred. Calves were followed until the 10th week of age. Feed intake was measured daily. Weight and body measurements were registered weekly. Blood samples were collected biweekly to evaluate the intermediate metabolism. The AA supplementation resulted in lower body weight at weaning and week 10. Calves fed SC Lys:Met had lower SC intake and lower total feed intake at weaning when compared to control. Calves fed control had higher heart girth, hip-width, and plasma glucose concentration. The supplementation with Lys and Met did not benefit dairy calves’ performance nor metabolism in this study. Supplementation through the MR was more efficient than SC to result in adequate daily intakes of AA. Further studies are needed to understand the negative effects of AA on calf starter intake.Fil: Silva, Jackeline Thais. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Miqueo, Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; ArgentinaFil: Manzoni Torrezan, Thaís. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Brito Rocha, Nathalia. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Simão Slanzon, Giovana. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Ferreira Virginio Júnior, Gercino. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Maris Machado Bittar, Carla. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Brasi

Thermoregulatory Responses and Performance of Dairy Calves Fed Different Amounts of Colostrum

This study investigates the newborn thermoregulatory responses to cold and the performance of calves fed different colostrum volumes. Thirty newborn Holstein calves were blocked by birth body weight (BW; 39.4 ± 6.5 kg) and fed different high-quality colostrum volumes: 10%, 15%, or 20% of BW, which was split and fed at 2 and 8 h after birth. At 24 h of life, calves were placed in a chamber at 10◦C for 150 min. Skin and rectal temperature (RT), heart and respiratory rate, and shivering were measured every 15 min. Blood samples were taken every 30 min. After the cold challenge, calves were housed in ambient temperature (26.8 ± 5.9◦C), with free access to water and concentrate and received 6 L/d of milk replacer. Feed intake, fecal score, and RT were recorded daily, until 56 d of age. Blood samples, BW, and body measures were taken weekly. During the cold challenge, prescapular temperature and total serum protein were greater for calves fed 15% or 20%. Leukocytes increased preweaning, presenting higher values for calves fed 20%. Even though there was a benefit for the calf submitted to cold stress on the first day of life, feeding higher volumes of colostrum resulted in no differences in performance during the preweaning phase. Nevertheless, calves fed a higher volume of colostrum (20% BW) presented increased immune responses during the preweaning phase.Fil: Lavinia Moura Silva, Fernanda. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Miqueo, Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; ArgentinaFil: Donizete da Silva, Marcos. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Manzoni Torrezan, Thaís. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Brito Rocha, Nathaliia. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Saladini Vieira Salles, Márcia. Agência Paulista de Tecnologia Dos Agronegócios - Apta; BrasilFil: Maris Machado Bittar, Carla. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Brasi

Health and performance of female dairy calves given additional immunoglobulins via a colostrum supplement in combination with high quality maternal colostrum

A study was conducted on the effects of additional consumption of immunoglobulins (Ig) via a commercial colostrum supplement (SCOL), composed of soybean oil, powdered whole hen’s egg, dextrose, vitamins and minerals, in combination with maternal colostrum (COL) of high quality, on the health and performance of dairy calves. After birth, 67 Holstein and crossbred Gir female calves were blocked by birth weight (BW) and breed and randomly assigned to two treatments: 1) maternal COL supplied in a volume corresponding to 10% BW; 2) as in Treat. 1 plus SCOL. COL was provided within the first 6 h of life in two meals and the SCOL was administered in two doses of 15 mL each. Following these initial intakes, the calves were housed individually and provided with water and concentrate feed at will, while also fed 6 L of milk, daily in two meals. Consumption of concentrate and health scoring were registered daily, while body weights were taken weekly until wk 8. Relative to Treat. 1 (control), supplementation with SCOL did not affect (P&gt; 0.05), the performance parameters: consumption of concentrate and of total dry matter (DM); mean body weight and daily gain; and feed efficiency (kg gain/L milk or kg gain/kg total DM). Fecal condition score was not affected, but signs of dehydration were more frequent during wks 2 and 3 in the SCOL-fed calves. However, the percentage of animals with fever during the first 5 wks was higher in calves of the non-supplemented group, which was associated, during wks 3 to 7 with nasal discharge scores of 1 (on a 0 to 5 scale). The overall mortality rate was 8%. In conclusion, additional intake of Ig via the SCOL did not improve productive performance or health of the calves