Zoning New York City to Provide Low and Moderate Income Housing - Can Commercial Developers Be Made to Help?

Lower income New York City residents are faced with a housing emergency. Concurrently, commercial and luxury residential development is expanding. New York is considering adopting an approach to the housing shortage which has been taken in several other cities. The plan advocates amendment of the City\u27s zoning ordinance to require developers of commercial and luxury residential projects to provide the City with lower income housing units. This Note examines the proposed requirement that commercial developers provide lower income housing units. It addresses the question of the validity of such a requirement in the context of New York City\u27s statutory authority to use zoning ordinances to place conditions upon proposed development projects. By analogy to the limitations on this authority, this Note recommends a shift in emphasis to bring such a program into compliance with New York law

Zoning New York City to Provide Low and Moderate Income Housing - Can Commercial Developers Be Made to Help?

Lower income New York City residents are faced with a housing emergency. Concurrently, commercial and luxury residential development is expanding. New York is considering adopting an approach to the housing shortage which has been taken in several other cities. The plan advocates amendment of the City\u27s zoning ordinance to require developers of commercial and luxury residential projects to provide the City with lower income housing units. This Note examines the proposed requirement that commercial developers provide lower income housing units. It addresses the question of the validity of such a requirement in the context of New York City\u27s statutory authority to use zoning ordinances to place conditions upon proposed development projects. By analogy to the limitations on this authority, this Note recommends a shift in emphasis to bring such a program into compliance with New York law

Are Online Business Transactions Executed by Electronic Signatures Legally Binding?

Most of us believe that we make contracts over the Internet all the time. We buy books and computers, arrange for hotels and planes, trade stocks, and apply for mortgages. But as recently as seven months ago that transaction was most likely not legally binding. This uncertainty led many practitioners, businesspeople, and consumers to question the efficacy of contracts executed by electronic signatures. Without a uniform standard, many jurisdictions ruled inconsistently, while other jurisdictions did not consider the issue. This disparate treatment threatened the legitimacy of online agreements and deprived both consumers and businesses of the certainty and predictability expected from well-developed markets. The law\u27s formalities evolved outside of the digital world, and the process of adapting them to it has proven to be more difficult than expected. In June of 2000, Congress attempted to solve this problem with the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-Sign)

Factorization constraints and boundary conditions in rational CFT

Among (conformal) quantum field theories, the rational conformal field theories are singled out by the fact that their correlators can be constructed from a modular tensor category C with a distinguished object, a symmetric special Frobenius algebra A in C, via the so-called TFT-construction. These correlators satisfy in particular all factorization constraints, which involve gluing homomorphisms relating correlators of world sheets of different topology. We review the action of the gluing homomorphisms and discuss the implications of the factorization constraints for boundary conditions. The so-called classifying algebra A for a RCFT is a semisimple commutative associative complex algebra, which classifies the boundary conditions of the theory. We show that the annulus partition functions can be obtained from the representation theory of A

Models of true arithmetic are integer parts of nice real closed fields

Exploring further the connection between exponentiation on real closed fields and the existence of an integer part modelling strong fragments of arithmetic, we demonstrate that each model of true arithmetic is an integer part of an exponential real closed field that is elementary equivalent to the reals with exponentiation

Extremal K\"ahler metrics on blow-ups of parabolic ruled surfaces

New examples of extremal K\"ahler metrics on blow-ups of parabolic ruled surfaces are constructed. The method is based on the gluing construction of Arezzo, Pacard and Singer. This enables to endow ruled surfaces of the form $\mathbb{P}(\mathcal{O}\oplus L)$ with special parabolic structures such that the associated iterated blow-up admits an extremal metric of non-constant scalar curvature.Comment: Improved versio

Molecular studies on a complex of potyviruses infecting solanaceous crops, and some specific virus-host interactions

This thesis constitutes a comprehensive analysis of the molecular and biological characteristics of three potyviruses (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) naturally occurring in cultivated and wild species of family Solanaceae: Peru tomato virus (PTV), Potato virus V (PVV) and Wild potato mosaic virus (WPMV). In addition, the studies presented in this thesis focus on the genetic variability of isolates of PTV and PVV and on the role of the Potato virus A (PVA) 6K2 protein as a host-specific determinant of virus movement and symptom induction. Determination of the complete genomic sequences of PVV, PTV and WPMV demonstrated that these viruses are typical members of the genus Potyvirus. Furthermore, comparison of the polyprotein amino acid sequences and the biological and serological characteristics of these three viruses supported their current taxonomic position as independent species of the genus Potyvirus. The nucleotide sequences of the P1 protein, coat protein and non-translated regions of European and South American PVV isolates were determined and compared. Results showed limited genetic variability among the European isolates, in contrast to the higher variability found among the South American isolates of PVV. Phylogenetic analysis defined two distinct clusters, grouping the European isolates together but placing two South American isolates to a different group; these two isolates of PVV did not induce a hypersensitive response in an Nv gene-carrying potato cultivar in contrast to the European PVV isolates. Thus, European and South American PVV isolates belong to different strain groups. In addition, great genetic variability was detected among PTV isolates. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among PTV, PVV, WPMV and other members of the genus Potyvirus commonly found infecting solanaceous crop plants showed that PTV, PVV and WPMV are the most closely related viruses which together with Potato virus Y, Pepper mottle virus, Pepper severe mosaic virus and Pepper yellow mosaic virus constitute a group distinguishable from other potyviruses. Thus, members of this group seem to share a common ancestor. The 6K2 protein of PVA was modified by deleting various portions or by introducing six histidine residues (6xHis) into various positions of this protein. These modifications disturbed functions required for viral infection in Nicotiana tabacum. Furthermore, inoculation of the insertion constructs to N. benthamiana plants did not result in systemic infection with the exception of one plant. This plant lacked typical PVA symptoms but had virus titers similar to the plants infected with the wild type virus: a single point mutation (Gly2 ® Cys2) in the 6xHis-containing 6K2 had restored the viral movement functions. However, partial deletion of the 6xHis-tag to gain the original size of the 6K2 protein was required to restore the induction of symptoms in N. benthamiana and to enable systemic infection of N. tabacum. Taken together, these results indicate the 6K2 is a host-specific determinant for long-distance movement and exemplify that mutations that arise during viral propagation represent a mechanisms by which viruses can evolve and adapt to different hosts

Distribution of soft drinks in the greater Boston area.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston Universit

Open circle maps: Small hole asymptotics

We consider escape from chaotic maps through a subset of phase space, the hole. Escape rates are known to be locally constant functions of the hole position and size. In spite of this, for the doubling map we can extend the current best result for small holes, a linear dependence on hole size h, to include a smooth h^2 ln h term and explicit fractal terms to h^2 and higher orders, confirmed by numerical simulations. For more general hole locations the asymptotic form depends on a dynamical Diophantine condition using periodic orbits ordered by stability.Comment: This version has a new section investigating different hole locations. Now 9 pages, 3 figure