Effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on oral mucosa immunity after strenuous exercise at high altitude: a double-blind randomized trial

This study analyzed the effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on salivary immunity after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Fifteen volunteers performed exercise of 70% of VO2peak until exhaustion and were divided into three groups: hypoxia placebo, hypoxia 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min), and hypoxia after six days glutamine (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min). All procedures were randomized and double-blind. Saliva was collected at rest (basal), before exercise (pre-exercise), immediately after exercise (post-exercise), and two hours after exercise. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. SaO(2)% reduced when comparing baseline vs. pre-exercise, post-exercise, and after recovery for all three groups. There was also a reduction of SaO(2)% in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for the hypoxia group and an increase was observed in pre-exercise vs. recovery for both supplementation groups, and between post-exercise and for the three groups studied. There was an increase of salivary flow in post-exercise vs. recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) decreased from baseline vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Glutamine group. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) increased from post-exercise vs. after recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was observed from baseline vs. post-exercise and after recovery for the Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group a lower concentration was observed in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise and recovery. TNF-alpha had a reduction from baseline vs. post-exercise for both supplementation groups, and a lower secretion between baseline vs. recovery, and pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Five hours of hypoxia and exercise did not change IgA. Carbohydrates, with greater efficiency than glutamine, induced anti-inflammatory responses.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04032020 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biosci, BR-11015020 Santos, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04032020 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biosci, BR-11015020 Santos, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions

Introduction: Exercise performed at the hypoxia equivalent of an altitude of 4200 m is associated with elevated inflammatory mediators and changes in the Th1/Th2 response. By contrast, supplementation with carbohydrates has an anti-inflammatory effect when exercise is performed under normoxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on cytokines and cellular damage markers after exercise under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4200 m. Methods: Seven adult male volunteers who exercised for 60 min at an intensity of 50% VO2Peak were randomly evaluated under three distinct conditionsnormoxia, hypoxia and hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation. Blood samples were collected at rest, at the end of exercise and after 60 min of recovery. To evaluate hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation, volunteers received a solution of 6% carbohydrate (maltodextrin) or a placebo (strawberry-flavored Crystal Light (R)Kraft Foods, Northfield, IL, USA) every 20 min during exercise and recovery. Statistical analyses comprised analysis of variance, with a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 after exercise and after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05), while in the hypoxia + carbohydrate group, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-alpha after exercise compared to at rest (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under this condition, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and the balance of IL-2/IL-4 were increased after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that carbohydrate supplementation modified the IL-6 and TNF-alpha serum concentrations and shifted the IL-2/IL-4 balance towards Th1 in response without glycemic, glutaminemia and cell damage effects.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP)Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04021001 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biosci, BR-11060001 Santos, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Dept Phys Educ, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Physiol, BR-04021001 Sao Paulo, BrazilDepartment of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, BrazilDepartment of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos 11060-001, BrazilDepartment of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, BrazilFAPESP: 2013/01324-4Web of Scienc

Effects of supplementation with carbohydrate and glutamine on the innate immune response, inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue damage in the brain after exercise in hypoxia

INTRODUCTION: It is known that exercise can be immunomodulatory, stimulating or inhibiting the immune response. Hypoxia has been described as a potent immunosuppressive agent. Hypoxia increases oxidative stress, inflammation and CNS damage; and strenuous exercise may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia. On the other hand, recent evidence suggests that carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation may attenuate the effects of exercise realized on hypoxia. Thus, this study intends to evaluate the effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on parameters of innate immune response, inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue damage in the brain after exercise in hypoxia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifteen physically active men underwent three exercise sessions until exhaustion with intensity of 70% VO2peak in a normobaric chamber (Colorado Altitude Training / 12 CAT-Air Unit) simulating 4,500 m altitude, as follows: (1) Exercise in hypoxia+placebo; (2) Exercise in hypoxia+CHO (8% maltodextrin - 200mL / 20min) and (3) Exercise in hypoxia+GLN (6 days of supplementation with glutamine (20g / day) and carbohydrate (8% maltodextrin-200mL / 20min) during the exercise and for 2h of recovery. All procedures were double blind and randomized. The concentration of plasma, salivary and cytokine by monocytes parameters were evaluated before entering the chamber (basal), after 2h of rest (pre-exercise), immediately after exercise (post-exercise) and after 2h of recovery remaining in the chamber. After a normality test, ANOVA for repeated measures was performed followed by Tukey's post-test, considering significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: There was a reduction in the SaO2% after 2 h of exposure to hypoxia (p <0.001) for all conditions, and at the pre-exercise vs post-exercise moment (p <0.001) in the hypoxia condition. However, after 2h of recovery the SaO2% was partially restored in the two supplemented conditions (p <0.001). Hypoxia and exercise worsened the ability of monocytes to respond to LPS, increased glucose concentration (p = 0.01), Cortisol (p = 0.01), IL-6 (p <0.001), S100β (p <0.001), EPO (p = 0.01) and decreased glutamine level (p = 0.01). These changes were partially reversed by carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation, respectively, by elevation of IL-10 (p <0.01) and reduction of IL-1β (p = 0.02) and TNF-α (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The present study observed that monocytes were not able to respond to LPS after exposure to hypoxia and exercise, as such condition increased BBB permeability, but it was not sufficient to promote alteration in salivary IgA. However, the GLN supplementation stimulated the anti-inflammatory action, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, supplementation with CHO and discreetly with GLN, promoted changes in the pro / anti -inflammatory balance stimulating an anti-inflammatory response in the oral mucosa.INTRODUÇÃO: Sabe-se que o exercício pode ser imunomodulador, estimulando ou inibindo a resposta imunológica. Já a hipóxia tem sido descrita como um potente agente imunossupressor. A hipóxia promove aumento do estresse oxidativo, da inflamação e danos no SNC; e o exercício físico extenuante pode exacerbar ainda mais os efeitos da hipóxia. Por outro lado, evidências recentes sugerem que as suplementações de carboidrato e glutamina podem atenuar os efeitos do exercício na hipóxia. Desse modo, este estudo pretende avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com carboidrato e glutamina sobre parâmetros da reposta imunológica inata, inflamação, estresse oxidativo e dano tecidual no cérebro após exercício na hipóxia CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Quinze homens fisicamente ativos foram submetidos a três sessões de exercício até a exaustão com intensidade de 70 % do VO2pico em uma câmara normobárica (Colorado Altitude Training/12 CAT-Air Unit) simulando 4.500 m de altitude, como segue: (1) Exercício em hipóxia+placebo; (2) Exercício em hipóxia+CHO (8% maltodextrina - 200mL/20min) e (3) Exercício em hipóxia+GLN (6 dias de suplementação com glutamina (20g/dia) e carboidrato (8% maltodextrina- 200mL/20min) durante o exercício e por 2h na recuperação. Todos os procedimentos foram duplos cegos e randomizados. A concentração dos parâmetros plasmáticos, salivares e produção de citocinas por monócitos foram avaliadas antes da entrada na câmara (basal), após 2h de repouso (pré-exercício), imediatamente após o exercício (pós-exercício) e após 2h de recuperação permanecendo na câmara. Após teste de normalidade foi realizada uma ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguida de post-teste de Tukey considerando nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Houve redução na SaO2% após 2h de exposição à hipóxia (p < 0,001) para todas as condições, e no momento pré-exercício vs pós-exercício (p < 0,001) na condição hipóxia. No entanto, após 2h de recuperação a SaO2% foi parcialmente restaurada nas duas condições suplementadas (p < 0,001). A hipóxia e o exercício físico pioraram a capacidade dos monócitos responderem ao LPS, aumentaram a concentração de glicose (p = 0,01), cortisol (p = 0,01), IL-6 (p < 0,001), S100β (p < 0,001), EPO (p = 0,01) e diminuíram o nível de glutamina (p = 0,01). Essas alterações foram parcialmente revertidas pelas suplementações com carboidrato e glutamina, respectivamente, pela elevação da IL-10 (p < 0,01) e pela redução IL-1β (p = 0,02) e TNF-α (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo observou que monócitos não foram capazes de responder ao LPS após exposição à hipóxia e exercício, assim como tal condição aumentou a permeabilidade da BHE, porém não foi suficiente para promover alteração na IgA salivar. Entretanto, a condição suplementada com GLN estimulou a ação anti-inflamatória, reduzindo a produção de citocinas pro-inflamatórias. Por outro lado, a suplementação com CHO, e discretamente com GLN, promoveu modificações no balanço pró/anti-inflamatório estimulando uma resposta antiinflamatória na mucosa oral.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP)FAPESP: 2014/03237-4Dados abertos - Sucupira - Teses e dissertações (2017

Nutrition and exercise can attenuate inflammatory and psychobiological changes in hypoxia?

AbstractExposure to hypoxia causes damage in several physiological systems, whose tissues are dependent on the O2 supply. Recently, there has been growing attention on the immunosuppressive and inflammatory potential of the hypoxia, including stimulation, nuclear factor kappa B pathway in macrophages and Th2 response from lymphocytes. These changes may result in transient immunosuppression and happen at the same time to worsening of cognition and other psychobiological aspects. Furthermore, exercise and nutrition, especially glutamine supplementation may provide important role, not pharmacological partially reversing the effects of hypoxia. In fact, recent studies show that moderate exercise can improve cognition in people exposed to hypoxia while the exercise associated with glutamine supplementation can reverse the increase in inflammatory markers and the Th1/Th2 balance. This review aims to bring the light of the discussion about nonpharmacological ways to prevent the effects of hypoxia on the connection between the immune system and the central nervous system

Effect of Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplementation on URTI Symptoms and Cytokine Production by Monocytes after a Marathon Race: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Study

(1) Purpose: Performing strenuous exercises negatively impacts the immune and gastrointestinal systems. These alterations cause transient immunodepression, increasing the risk of minor infections, especially in the upper respiratory tract. Recent studies have shown that supplementation of probiotics confers benefits to athletes. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to verify the effects of probiotic supplementation on cytokine production by monocytes and infections in the upper respiratory tract after an acute strenuous exercise. (2) Methods: Fourteen healthy male marathon runners received either 5 billion colony forming units (CFU) of a multi-strain probiotic, consisting of 1 billion CFU of each of Lactobacillus acidophilus LB-G80, Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110, Lactococcus subp. lactis LLL-G25, Bifidobacterium animalis subp. lactis BL-G101, and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-G90, or a placebo for 30 days before a marathon. Plasma cytokines, salivary parameters, glucose, and glutamine were measured at baseline, 24 h before, immediately after, and 1 h after the race. Subjects self-reported upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS—21). The statistical analyses comprised the general linear model (GLM) test followed by the Tukey post hoc and Student’s t-test with p &lt; 0.05. (3) Results: URTI symptoms were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared to placebo. The IL-2 and IL-4 plasma cytokines were lower 24 h before exercise, while the other cytokines showed no significant differences. A lower level of IL-6 produced by monocytes was verified immediately after the race and higher IL-10 at 1 h post. No differences were observed in salivary parameters. Conclusion: Despite the low number of marathoners participating in the study, probiotic supplementation suggests its capability to preserve the functionality of monocytes and mitigate the incidence of URTI

Carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation modulates the Th1/Th2 balance after exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 4500 m

Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate or glutamine supplementation, or a combination of the two, on the immune system and inflammatory parameters after exercise in simulated hypoxic conditions at 4500 m.Methods: Nine men underwent three sessions of exercise at 70% VO2(peak) until exhaustion as follows: 1) hypoxia with a placebo; 2) hypoxia with 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min) during exercise and for 2 h after; and 3) hypoxia after 6 d of glutamine supplementation (20 g/d) and supplementation with 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min) during exercise and for 2 h after. All procedures were randomized and double blind. Blood was collected at rest, immediately before exercise, after the completion of exercise, and 2 h after recovery. Glutamine, cortisol, cytokines, glucose, heat shock protein-70, and erythropoietin were measured in serum, and the cytokine production from lymphocytes was measured.Results: Erythropoietin and interleukin (IL)-6 increased after exercise in the hypoxia group compared with baseline. IL-6 was higher in the hypoxia group than pre-exercise after exercise and after 2 h recovery. Cortisol did not change, whereas glucose was elevated post-exercise in the three groups compared with baseline and pre-exercise. Glutamine increased in the hypoxia + carbohydrate + glutamine group after exercise compared with baseline. Heat shock protein-70 increased post-exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise and after recovery compared with pre-exercise, in the hypoxia carbohydrate group. No difference was observed in IL-2 and IL-6 production from lymphocytes. IL-4 was reduced in the supplemented groups.Conclusion: Carbohydrate or glutamine supplementation shifts the T helper (Th)1/Th2 balance toward Th1 responses after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. the nutritional strategies increased in IL-6, suggesting an important anti-inflammatory effect. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, São Paulo, BrazilState Univ São Paulo, Dept Phys Educ, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Melatonin and sleep responses to normobaric hypoxia and aerobic physical exercise: A randomized controlled trial

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. This work evaluated the effects of moderate physical exercise performed under hypoxic conditions on melatonin and sleep. Forty healthy men were randomized into four groups: Normoxia (N) (n = 10); Hypoxia (H) (n = 10); Exercise under Normoxia (EN) (n = 10); and Exercise under Hypoxia (EH) (n = 10). The observation period for all groups was approximately 36 h, beginning with a first night devoid of any intervention. Aerobic exercise was performed by the EN and EH groups on a treadmill at 50% of the ventilatory threshold intensity for 60 min. Sleep evaluation was performed on the 1st and 2nd nights. Venous blood samples for the melatonin measurement were obtained on the 1st and 2nd days at 7:30 AM as well as on the 1st and 2nd nights at 10:30 PM. On the 2nd night, melatonin was higher in the H group than in the N group, but both were lower than values of the EH group. The nocturnal increase in melatonin was inversely correlated with the oxygen saturation of hemoglobi