119 research outputs found

    Practices and Obstacles to Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC) Among Healthcare Providers in Cîte d’Ivoire

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    Practices of Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC) remains suboptimal in CĂŽte d'Ivoire. The aim of this survey was to identify the practices and obstacles to PITC among healthcare professionals in CĂŽte d'Ivoire. A nationally representative cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018 by telephone among three separate samples of midwives, nurses and physicians practicing in CĂŽte d'Ivoire. The number of HIV tests proposed during consultation in the month preceding the survey was collected for each professional. Factors associated with the number of proposed tests were identified through ordinal logistic regression models. A total of 298 midwives, 308 nurses and 289 physicians were interviewed. Midwives proposed the test more frequently, followed by nurses and physicians. Among midwives, a higher number of proposed tests was associated with the perception that HIV testing does not require specific consent compared to other diseases (aOR 4.00 [95% CI 1.37-14.29]). Among nurses, having received HIV training and the presence of community HIV counselors were associated with a higher number of proposed tests (aOR 2.01 [1.31-3.09] and aOR 1.75 [1.14-2.70], respectively). For physicians, the presence of a voluntary testing center was associated with a higher number of proposed tests (aOR 1.69 [1.01-2.86]). PITC practices and barriers differed across professions. Beyond improving environmental opportunities such as dedicated staff or services, strengthening the motivations and capabilities of healthcare professionals to propose testing could improve PITC coverage

    Trends in autoionization of Rydberg states converging to the 4s threshold in the Kr-Rbâș-SrÂČâș isoelectonic sequence: theory and experiment

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    We have measured the photoabsorption spectra of the Kr-like ions Rb+ and Sr2+ at photon energies corresponding to the excitation of 4s-np resonances using, the dual laser plasma photoabsorption technique. Dramatic changes in the line profiles, with increasing ionization and also proceeding along the Rydberg series of each ion, are observed and explained by the trends in 4s-transition amplitudes computed within a framework of configuration-interaction Pauli-Fock calculations. Total photoionization cross sections show very good agreement with relative absorption data extracted from the measured spectra

    Even-parity autoionizing states in the extreme-ultraviolet photoabsorption spectra of Mg, Alâș, and SiÂČâș

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    The dual-laser-produced plasma (DLP) photoabsorption technique has been used to study 2p→3s excitations in the isoelectronic species Mg, Al+, and Si2+ prepared in the excited configuration 2p63s3p. The autoionizing upper states belong to the 2p53s23p even-parity configuration. The versatility of the technique is demonstrated through a careful combination of space- and time-resolved photoabsorption scans. Plasma conditions optimized for the observation of the inaccessible parity regime were successfully reproduced along the isoelectronic sequence of interest. All the observed transitions were interpreted with the help of multiconfigurational atomic structure calculations. In the case of magnesium, the photoabsorption data are compared with the ejected-electron spectra excited by low-energy electron impact of Pejcev et al. [J. Phys. B 10, 2389 (1977)]

    Action to protect the independence and integrity of global health research

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    Storeng KT, Abimbola S, Balabanova D, et al. Action to protect the independence and integrity of global health research. BMJ GLOBAL HEALTH. 2019;4(3): e001746

    RĂŽle du transfert radiatif dans la forme des raies spectrales Ă©mises par les plasmas

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    L’étude du transfert radiatif dans les plasmas est nĂ©cessaire comme l’un des Ă©lĂ©ments dĂ©terminant les propriĂ©tĂ©s physiques du milieu ainsi que pour l’interprĂ©tation des expĂ©riences de spectroscopie destinĂ©es aux diagnostics. Nous passons en revue les principaux problĂšmes rencontrĂ©s dans le calcul du transfert radiatif : facteurs gĂ©omĂ©triques, redistribution de frĂ©quence, couplage avec l’excitation et l’ionisation, rĂŽle des inhomogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©s dans les milieux Ă  forts gradients. Nous cherchons Ă  dĂ©gager la signification et les limites de validitĂ© des approximations correspondant Ă  ces diffĂ©rents aspects de la thĂ©orie du transfert radiatif, principalement dans le cas des plasmas chauds et trĂšs denses. Partant de rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux obtenus sur des plasmas produits par des lasers de puissance, nous montrons que le calcul du transfert permet de rendre compte d’élargissements, d’asymĂ©tries, de dĂ©doublements de raies spectrales en Ă©tablissant une relation prĂ©cise de telles caractĂ©ristiques avec la distribution inhomogĂšne de la densitĂ© et de la tempĂ©rature ainsi qu’avec le mouvement d’expansion hydrodynamique des ions

    Population inversions for amplification of spontaneous emission in the soft X-ray range. A step towards X-ray laser

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    Many proposals have been made with the aim of producing high densities of population inversions for X-rays amplifications. Experimentally only recombination processes from multicharged ions, in high temperature laser produced plasmas, have given evidences of population inversions

    ÉTUDE D'UN PLASMA PAR ABSORPTION DANS L'ULTRAVIOLET EXTRÊME

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    L'existence d'une forte absorption de rayonnement UV extrĂȘme, par un plasma d'aluminium ionisĂ©, a pu ĂȘtre mise en Ă©vidence. La source UV ainsi que le milieu dans lequel s'effectue l'absorption (ce dernier pouvant ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme « l'Ă©chantillon » que l'on Ă©tudie) sont deux plasmas obtenus par la focalisation de deux faisceaux de rayonnement, provenant d'un laser unique au verre-nĂ©odyme, Ă  la surface de deux cibles d'aluminium. L'analyse en longueur d'onde a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  l'aide d'un spectromĂštre Ă  deux rĂ©seaux dont les fentes, d'entrĂ©e et collimatrice, dĂ©limitent la zone « d'Ă©chantillon » que l'on dĂ©sire observer. De plus, grĂące Ă  des variations de retard optique introduites sur le trajet du faisceau laser gĂ©nĂ©rateur de la « source » d'UV, il est possible d'effectuer une analyse temporelle qui peut ĂȘtre complĂ©tĂ©e, d'autre part, par l'utilisation d'un scintillateur liĂ© Ă  un photomultiplicateur rapide. L'examen des mĂ©canismes responsables de l'absorption observĂ©e conduit Ă  souligner l'importance du rĂŽle jouĂ© au sein du plasma par les Ă©changes d'Ă©nergie radiative par rapport aux processus de collisions (le bremsstrahlung inverse semble ĂȘtre le processus essentiel d'absorption au centre du plasma, tandis que la photoionisation ne devient notable que dans la pĂ©riphĂ©rie). Ces Ă©changes d'Ă©nergie doivent donc ĂȘtre pris en considĂ©ration lorsqu'on aborde les calculs thĂ©oriques.A strong absorption of extreme UV radiation by a laser-generated ionized aluminium plasma has been observed. Both the UV source and the absorbing medium (which must be considered as the « sample ») are two plasmas generated by the focusing of two beams resulting from a single Nd laser on the surface of aluminium targets. A two concave gratings spectrograph is used whose the entrance and collimation slits delimit the observed « sample » zone. Furthermore, time explorations can be achieved by using optical delay variations in the path of the « source »-generating laser beam and also, on the other hand, by investigating with a high speed scintillator and a photomultiplier. The mechanisms likely to be responsible of absorption are discussed : inverse bremsstrahlung is the main process at the center of the plasma whereas photoionization becomes appreciable only at the periphery. The importance of such radiative energy exchanges inside a plasma, with respect to the collision process, in its evolution with time, reveals the necessity of taking them into account in the theoretical calculations

    On the interpretation of intensity anomalies in dense aluminium plasmas

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    A numerical model is used to predict the behaviour of discrete emission and absorption spectra in non-homogeneous plasmas when the populations are in equilibrium. The evidence of a disagreement between this prediction and experiment is given for three peculiar lines of the Al3+ ion in a laser produced plasma. Dielectronic recombination is invoked as a likely channel leading to an extra population for one of the excited levels of the Al3+ ion. This conjecture is supported by the experimental observations.On utilise un modĂšle numĂ©rique pour calculer l'Ă©mission et l'absorption de raies discrĂštes dans des plasmas non homogĂšnes en supposant des populations Ă  l'Ă©quilibre. Il est montrĂ© que ce modĂšle ne rend pas compte de rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux concernant trois raies particuliĂšres de l'ion Al3+ dans un plasma laser. La surpopulation de l'un des niveaux excitĂ©s de l'ion Al3+ peut ĂȘtre expliquĂ©e par une recombinaison diĂ©lectronique faisant intervenir un niveau autoionisant observable expĂ©rimentalement

    MAIN ASPECTS OF ATOMIC PHYSICS IN DENSE PLASMAS

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    La mise en Ă©vidence expĂ©rimentale de l'influence de la densitĂ© sur l'Ă©mission de rayons X mous par un plasma produit par laser conduit Ă  Ă©tudier les phĂ©nomĂšnes qui ont une influence sur l'intensitĂ© et la largeur des raies spectrales. Une Ă©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e du transfert de rayonnement en milieu collisionnel inhomogĂšne s'impose pour pouvoir interprĂ©ter les observations expĂ©rimentales des processus atomiques dans ces plasmas, de mĂȘme que pour l'Ă©valuation des bilans d'Ă©nergie. Nous prĂ©sentons ici les principaux aspects de cette Ă©tude avec des exemples numĂ©riques comparĂ©s Ă  des rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux. Le cas des inversions de populations, pouvant engendrer une amplification de rayons X mous, est envisagĂ©. Nous montrons d'autre part l'importance du rĂŽle des continua d'Ă©tats situĂ©s au-delĂ  des limites d'ionisation dans l'Ă©tablissement des populations de nombreux Ă©tats excitĂ©s des ions, rĂŽle dĂ» Ă  la prĂ©sence d'Ă©lectrons libres en grande densitĂ©. Les Ă©tats autoionisants, Ă©tats discrets diluĂ©s dans le continuum, produisent des recombinaisons rĂ©sonnantes dont il faut tenir compte pour expliquer la composition du plasma en ions mais aussi les populations des niveaux excitĂ©s. La recombinaison diĂ©lectronique est au nombre de ces rĂ©sonances ; il est possible d'autre part de prĂ©senter des indications prĂ©liminaires au sujet des rĂ©sonances dans la recombinaison Ă  trois corps. Nous dĂ©veloppons enfin la thĂ©orie des Ă©tats autoionisants pour parvenir Ă  l'Ă©valuation de la perturbation de la densitĂ© d'Ă©tats dans le continuum au voisinage des niveaux autoionisants.Experimental evidence of a strong dependence upon the particle density, of soft X-ray features of laser-produced plasmas, leads to investigate several phenomena taking effect on line intensities and line widths. A detailed study of radiative transfer in an unhomogeneous medium dominated by collisions is a primary necessity for interpreting experimental observations of atomic processes in plasmas, and for investigating the energy balance as well. Main aspects of such a study are presented here with numerical examples compared with experimental results. The case of population inversions, able to produce soft X-ray amplification, is considered. On the other hand, it is emphasized that the continua of states above ionization limits of ions are of a great importance for the population rates of many excited levels because of the large density of free electrons occupying these states. Discrete levels, diluted in the continuum owing to autoionization process, induce resonances in recombination which must be taken into account for explaining ion abundances as well as excited level populations. Dielectronic recombination and preliminary indications on resonance in three-body recombination are presented. The theory of autoionizing states is developed with a view to estimate the perturbation of density of states in the continuum close to autoionizing levels
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