Environmental education as a necessary strategy for planning new regional approaches in the department of Meta

La investigación se trazó como objetivo central analizar la evolución de los procesos de educaciónambiental en el Departamento del Meta, haciendo énfasis en establecer estrategias en el marco deldesarrollo sostenible para la planificación de nuevos enfoques regionales, que fácilmente pueden serreproducibles en otros sectores del país. El proceso metodológico se ha abordado en dos fases: la primeratiene relación con la revisión y análisis bibliográfico de algunos instrumentos de planificación territorialy ambiental, considerando la legislación vigente en el país para el tema. Posteriormente, se planteó unaindagación con el método estudio de caso, donde se describe y analiza un la realidad local presentadaen la cuenca del río Melúa. Se aplicaron técnicas e instrumentos de investigación a una muestrarepresentativa de la comunidad educativa, se generan diagnósticos participativos, análisis espacial,entrevistas, mapa parlante, cartografía social, matrices de relacionamiento, análisis DOFA, mapeo deactores institucionales, públicos, privados y los grupos al margen de la ley. Entre los principales hallazgosse cuenta que existen para la cuenca del rio Melúa retos en el tema de políticas ambientales, asociadosal ámbito educativo, al trabajo sinérgico de los actores, a un mayor apoyo institucional y estatal, a laintegración de estrategias que subrayan la necesidad de incorporar el tema de educación ambiental demanera holística en este territorio a partir de las políticas de gobierno; al cuidado y conservación de susrecursos eco sistémicos, y finalmente a la necesidad de generar esquemas de participación ciudadana,profundamente ligados al tema de identidad y apropiación territorial. El análisis integral del tema,permitió elaborar la categorización de los problemas en la zona, establecer un mapa de red de relacionesentre actores y aportar de manera conjunta a la construcción territorial desde la educación ambiental.The research had as main objective to analyze the evolution of the processes of environmental education in the Department of Meta, emphasis on establishing strategies under the Sustainable Development of new regional planning approaches that can easily be replicated in other sectors. The methodology has been addressed in two stages: the first is related to the literature review and analysis of some instruments of territorial and environmental planning, considering the current legislation in the country for the theme. Subsequently, an inquiry to the case study method, which describes and analyzes a local reality presented in the basin of river Melua arises. Techniques and research tools were applied to a representative sample of the educational community, participatory assessments are generated, spatial analysis, interviews, talking map, social mapping, relationship matrices, SWOT analysis, mapping institutional, public, private actors and groups outside the law. The main findings are that exist for river basin Melua challenges in the field of environmental, associated with the educational level, the synergistic work of the actors, to a greater institutional and state support, integration of strategies that emphasizes the need to incorporate environmental education theme holistically in this territory from government policies; the care and conservation of ecosystem resources, and finally the need to generate citizen participation schemes, deeply linked to the issue of identity and territorial appropriation. The comprehensive analysis of the issue allowed the categorization of developing problems in the area, establishing a network map of relations between actors and jointly contributes to the territorial building from the way environmental education

Genetic diversity of Colombian sheep by microsatellite markers

RESUMEN: In Colombia the sheep production systems are managed under extensive conditions and mainly correspond to peasant production systems so their genetic management has led to increased homozygosity and hence productivity loss. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity in 549 individuals corresponding to 13 sheep breeds in Colombia, using a panel of 11 microsatellite molecular markers. One hundred and fifty seven alleles were found (average of 14.27 alleles/locus), with a range of observed and expected heterozygosity from 0.44 to 0.84 and 0.67 to 0.86, respectively. Thirty-three of 143 Hardy Weinberg tests performed showed significant deviations (p < 0.05) due to a general lack of heterozygous individuals. The Fis ranged from 0.01 in Corriedale to 0.15 for the Persian Black Head breed, suggesting that there are presenting low to moderate levels of inbreeding. Overall, Colombian sheep showed high levels of genetic diversity which is very important for future selection and animalbreeding programs

Caracterización genética de ovinos criollos colombianos

ABSTRACT: indigenous breeds are important for poor farmers because of their natural selection against harsh environments and adaptation to regional conditions. However, inbreeding of indigenous sheep populations has increased in Colombia due to indiscriminate cross-breeding with foreign animals and lack of reproductive controls, with subsequent loss in productivity, which poses a great risk for the conservation of valuable genes. Objective: to determine the genetic diversity in Colombian indigenous sheep by using a panel of 10 microsatellite molecular markers. Methods: blood samples from 362 individuals from 43 farms in 11 Colombian provinces were genotyped and analyzed for a panel of 10 microsatellite markers. Results: a total of 134 alleles were found (13.4 alleles/locus on average) with a range of observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.428 to 0.831 and 0.615 to 0.855, respectively, and 0.742 polymorphic information content (PIC). The average Wright F-statistics (FIS ) of the breeds was 0.107, suggesting moderate levels of inbreeding. Colombian sheep showed a low level of genetic differentiation among breeds (FST = 0.054) and STRUCTURE analysis showed complex patterns of admixture in the breeds. Conclusion: overall, Colombian sheep have high genetic variability, which is very important for future conservation programs and genetic improvement.RESUMEN: las razas animales autóctonas son importantes para los agricultores de escasos recursos a causa de su selección natural contra el duro ambiente y su adaptación a condiciones regionales. Sin embargo en Colombia, debido al cruce indiscriminado con razas foráneas y a la falta de control de la reproducción, ha aumentado la consanguinidad en las poblaciones de ovinos criollos y por lo tanto la pérdida en la productividad, lo que supone un gran riesgo para la conservación de genes valiosos. Objetivo: determinar la diversidad genética en razas criollas de ovinos colombianos utilizando análisis por microsatélites. Métodos: se visitaron 43 granjas localizadas en 11 departamentos del país, en las cuales se tomaron muestras de sangre a 362 individuos. Las muestras fueron genotipadas y analizadas para un panel de 10 marcadores microsatélites. Resultados: un total de 134 alelos fueron encontrados (13,4 alelos/locus en promedio), con un rango de heterocigocidad observada y esperada de 0,428 a 0,831 y 0,615 a 0,855, respectivamente, y un contenido de información polimórfica (PIC) promedio de 0,742. El Wright F-statistics (FIS) promedio de las razas evaluadas fue 0,107, lo cual sugiere que las razas tienen niveles moderados de consanguinidad. Las ovejas colombianas presentaron un bajo grado de diferenciación genética entre las distintas razas (FST = 0,054) y el análisis de STRUCTURE mostro complejos patrones de mezcla en las razas estudiadas. Conclusión: en términos generales, las ovejas colombianas presentan una alta variabilidad genética lo cual es muy importante para futuros programas de conservacion y mejoramiento genetico

Konvencionalna i funkcionalna procjena sjemena mužjaka mliječnih koza

Evaluating the reproductive indicators in sheep breeding in Colombia, particularly males, is essential to achieve optimal production parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the semen quality of male goats through both conventional and functional seminal analysis. Semen samples from eight goats were collected and conventional (volume, appearance, colour, motility, vigour, and morphology) and functional (plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA integrity, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species production) seminal parameters were evaluated. The results showed an average scrotal circumference of 25.69 cm, seminal volume of 0.51 mL, and concentration of 1936 x 106 sperm/mL. The average individual motility was 63.37%, vigour was four, and the percentage of abnormalities was 7.75%. Individual motility was correlated with the mitochondrial membrane potential (r=0.840, P=0.009) and reactive oxygen species production (r=-0.91, P=0.001). The average of cells with high mitochondrial membrane potential was 52.94%, while 39.29% were necrotic cells, the DNA fragmentation index average was 12.5%, reactive oxygen species production was 38.68%, lipoperoxidation analysis was 7.33% on average, and the integrity of the membrane was 54.77%. The results establish the parameters for the semen from Antioquia goats and confirm that goat semen is of good quality and could be used during artificial insemination programs.Procjena reproduktivnih indikatora u stadima koza u Kolumbiji fokusirana je na mužjake i od osnovne je važnosti za postizanje optimalnih produktivnih parametara. Cilj je ove studije bio ocijeniti kvalitetu sjemena jaraca kroz konvencionalnu i funkcionalnu analizu sjemena. Prikupljeni su uzorci sjemena osam jaraca te su procijenjeni konvencionalni (volumen, izgled, boja, pokretljivost, vitalnost i morfologija) i funkcionalni (integritet stanične membrane, potencijal mitohondrijske membrane, integritet DNK, peroksidacija lipida i proizvodnja reaktivnih spojeva kisika) parametri. Rezultati su pokazali prosječni opseg skrotuma od 25,69 cm, 0,51 mL za volumen sjemena, 1936 x 106 spermija/mL za koncentraciju. Prosječna pojedinačna pokretljivost bila je 63,37 %, vitalnost je bila četiri, a postotak abnormalnosti bio je 7,75 %. Pojedinačna pokretljivost povezana je s potencijalom mitohondrijske membrane (r=0,840, P=0,009) i proizvodnjom reaktivnih spojeva kisika (r=-0,91, P=0,001). Prosjek stanica s visokim potencijalom mitohondrijske membrane bio je 52,94 %, dok je bilo 39,29 % nekrotičnih stanica, prosječni indeks fragmentacije DNK bio je 12,5 %, proizvodnja reaktivnih spojeva kisika bila je 38,68 %, analiza lipoperoksidacije bila je u prosjeku 7,33 %, a integritet membrane 54,77 %. Rezultati utvrđuju parametre za sjeme antioquia koza i potvrđuje da sjeme jaraca predstavlja dobru kvalitetu i moglo bi se koristiti u programima umjetne oplodnje

Microbial and metabolic succession on common building materials under high humidity conditions.

Despite considerable efforts to characterize the microbial ecology of the built environment, the metabolic mechanisms underpinning microbial colonization and successional dynamics remain unclear, particularly at high moisture conditions. Here, we applied bacterial/viral particle counting, qPCR, amplicon sequencing of the genes encoding 16S and ITS rRNA, and metabolomics to longitudinally characterize the ecological dynamics of four common building materials maintained at high humidity. We varied the natural inoculum provided to each material and wet half of the samples to simulate a potable water leak. Wetted materials had higher growth rates and lower alpha diversity compared to non-wetted materials, and wetting described the majority of the variance in bacterial, fungal, and metabolite structure. Inoculation location was weakly associated with bacterial and fungal beta diversity. Material type influenced bacterial and viral particle abundance and bacterial and metabolic (but not fungal) diversity. Metabolites indicative of microbial activity were identified, and they too differed by material

Análisis de la diversidad genética del búfalo en Colombia

ABSTRACT: Estimates of genetic diversity provide useful information on the genetic structure of animal populations, useful for the design of improvement strategies to impact traits of economic interest. They can also be used for implementing conservation and restoration policies regarding the sustainable use of genetic resources. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic structure of buffalo population (Bubalus bubalis) in the most representative Colombian provinces by using 10 microsatellite markers. A total of 588 individuals were sampled from 12 buffalo herds. The MGTG7 and ETH225 microsatellites were monomorphic. Eighty seven alleles were observed for all the loci. The average number of alleles was 10.9 ± 3.6 and the effective average number of alleles was 3.9 ± 1.4. The PIC values ranged between 0.5 and 0.8, and the probability of exclusion over all loci was over 99.99%. The highest value for the Ho population was 0.68, and the lowest was 0.60. The GST value for the total loci was 0.062, indicating a very low level of genetic structure among subpopulations. Values for genetic distance between populations and racial groups were very low, suggesting there is still a genetic mix within buffalo herds in the analyzed population.RESUMEN: Las estimaciones de diversidad genética del búfalo en Colombia proveen información útil para conocer su estructura genética, diseñar programas de cría y mejoramiento genético para características de interés económico, e implementar políticas de conservación para la utilización sostenible y restauración de los recursos genéticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar y determinar la estructura genética de la población bufalina (Bubalus bubalis) en las provincias (Departamentos) Colombianos más representativos, por medio de 10 marcadores microsatélites. Se muestrearon 588 individuos de 12 hatos bufalinos de Colombia. Los microsatélites ETH225 y MGTG7 fueron monomórficos. Se observó un total de 87 alelos para el total de los loci, el número de alelos observados promedio fue de 10.9 ± 3.6 y el número efectivo de alelos promedio fue de 3.9 ± 1.4. Los valores de PIC variaron entre 0.5 y 0.8, y la probabilidad de exclusión sobre todos los loci fue superior al 99.99%. El valor más alto de Ho por población fue de 0.68 y el más bajo 0.60. El valor promedio de GST para el total de los loci en la población total de búfalos fue de 0.062, indicando un grado muy bajo de estructura genética entre las subpoblaciones. Los valores de distancia genética fueron muy bajos entre poblaciones y entre grupos raciales, lo cual indica que aún existe una alta mezcla genética en los hatos bufalinos en Colombia

Inbreeding in animal production

ABSTRACT: We made a literalature review about advantages and disadvantages of using inbreeding (crossing of related individuals) directly or indirectly in animal production. The inbreeding acts in wild and domesticated animal populations reducing genetic variability, decreasing heterozygosity, and increasing the chance to inherit alleles associated with genetic defects, resulting in a reduction of the animal adaptation capacity to the environment and increasing the risk of extinction. Also has been demonstrated that inbreeding increase is associated with the average reduction of one or more economic interest characteristics in animalproduction. For this reason in conservation and breeding programs is very important have control over inbreeding to maintain the genetic variability within animal populations over time. Key words: Heterozygosity, animal breeding, selection, genetic variability. Keywords: Heterozygosity, animal breeding, selection, genetic variability.RESUMEN: Se realizó una revisión literaria acerca de las ventajas y desventajas de utilizar la endogamia (cruce de individuos emparentados) directa o indirectamente en los sistemas de producción animal. La endogamia actúa en las poblaciones de animales silvestres y domesticadas reduciendo la variabilidad genética dentro de las poblaciones, disminuyendo la heterocigocidad, y aumentando la probabilidad de heredar a las siguientes generaciones alelos asociados a defectos genéticos, lo que se traduce finalmente en una reducción en la capacidad de adaptación de los animales al medio ambiente y un aumento en el riesgo de extinción. También se ha demostrado que el aumento de la endogamia a menudo se asocia con una reducción en el valor promedio de una o más características de interés económico en la producción animal. Es por esto que en los programas de mejoramiento genético y conservación es de vital importancia tener control sobre la endogamia para mantener la variabilidad genética dentro de las poblaciones animales. Palabras clave: Heterocigocidad, mejoramiento genético, selección, variabilidad genética

Importancia de la creación del centro de memoria histórica en el municipio de Juradó, Chocó

La población de Juradó, golpeada por el olvido estatal durante décadas, también fue víctima de un conflicto armado del que no tomaban parte. Junto a esto, el olvido de la sociedad colombiana se presenta como otro crimen ante las cicatrices de los juradenses. El artículo busca identificar los parámetros de la Ley 1448 del 2011, Unidad para las Víctimas, en torno a la creación del Centro para la Memoria Histórica del municipio para la búsqueda de la verdad, justicia y no repetición y a través del cual se puede definir los eventos significativos y las experiencias de las víctimas del conflicto armado durante los sucesos violentos ocurridos en Juradó en 1996 y 1999.The population of Juradó, hit by the state forgetfulness during decades, also was victim of an armed conflict of which they did not take part. Along with this, the neglect of Colombian society is presented as another crime before the scars of the Juradenses. The article seeks to identify the parameters of Law 1448 of 2011, Unit for Victims, around the creation of the Center for Historical Memory of the municipality for the search for truth, justice and non-repetition and through which you can define the significant events and the experiences of the victims of the armed conflict during the violent events that occurred in Juradó in 1996 and 1999